{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394975825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3660646","title":"ARIoTEDef: Adversarially Robust IoT Early Defense System Based on Self-Evolution against Multi-step Attacks","display_name":"ARIoTEDef: Adversarially Robust IoT Early Defense System Based on Self-Evolution against Multi-step Attacks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394975825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3660646"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3660646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3660646","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3660646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175912","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","issn_l":"2577-6207","issn":["2577-6207","2691-1914"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3660646","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065641592","display_name":"Mengdie Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3705-7345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mengdie Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China and Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China and Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China and Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827","https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China and Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827","https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334307","display_name":"Hyunwoo Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7490-9936"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunwoo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Institute of Energy Technology, Naju-si, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology, Naju-si, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032325271","display_name":"Ashish Kundu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1499-5558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135428043","display_name":"Cisco Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03yt1ez60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135428043"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashish Kundu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cisco Systems Inc, San Jose, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cisco Systems Inc, San Jose, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135428043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047378133","display_name":"Xiaofeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5858-5070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055895734","display_name":"Anand Mudgerikar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7148-0000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anand Mudgerikar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States","Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101471208","display_name":"Ninghui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8207-9717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ninghui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States","Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061694501","display_name":"Elisa Bertino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4029-7051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Bertino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States","Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065641592"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827","https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7077,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83806698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.599048376083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5720178484916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4230322539806366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.35714179277420044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.599048376083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5720178484916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4230322539806366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.35714179277420044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3660646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3660646","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3660646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175912","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","issn_l":"2577-6207","issn":["2577-6207","2691-1914"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3660646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3660646","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3660646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175912","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","issn_l":"2577-6207","issn":["2577-6207","2691-1914"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G486605795","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"211247","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6360409883","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2229876","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307791","display_name":"Cisco Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/03yt1ez60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","display_name":"Purdue University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323230","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394975825.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394975825.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W2136451165","https://openalex.org/W2142384583","https://openalex.org/W2156026066","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2255466643","https://openalex.org/W2404532944","https://openalex.org/W2602753196","https://openalex.org/W2611338987","https://openalex.org/W2792581684","https://openalex.org/W2810737462","https://openalex.org/W3015177549","https://openalex.org/W3082784289","https://openalex.org/W3092688604","https://openalex.org/W3098102491","https://openalex.org/W3208624098","https://openalex.org/W4232315124","https://openalex.org/W4248234759","https://openalex.org/W4285886199"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W2950174689","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4200598720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0],"of":[1,15,23,163,181],"Things":[2],"(IoT)":[3],"cyber":[4,84],"threats,":[5],"exemplified":[6],"by":[7],"jackware":[8],"and":[9,34,74,87,176],"crypto":[10],"mining,":[11],"underscore":[12],"the":[13,20,94,99,115,123,135,141],"vulnerability":[14],"IoT":[16,66],"devices.":[17],"Due":[18],"to":[19,54,110,150],"multi-step":[21],"nature":[22],"many":[24],"attacks,":[25,132],"early":[26,112],"detection":[27],"is":[28,43,118,174],"vital":[29],"for":[30],"a":[31,83],"swift":[32],"response":[33],"preventing":[35],"malware":[36],"propagation.":[37],"However,":[38],"accurately":[39],"detecting":[40],"early-stage":[41,72],"attacks":[42,80],"challenging,":[44],"as":[45,134],"attackers":[46],"employ":[47],"stealthy,":[48],"zero-day,":[49],"or":[50],"adversarial":[51,166],"machine":[52],"learning":[53],"evade":[55],"detection.":[56],"To":[57],"enhance":[58],"security,":[59],"we":[60],"propose":[61],"ARIoTEDef,":[62],"an":[63,106,160],"Adversarially":[64],"Robust":[65],"Early":[67],"Defense":[68],"system,":[69],"which":[70],"identifies":[71],"infections":[73],"evolves":[75],"autonomously.":[76],"It":[77],"models":[78],"multi-stage":[79,131],"based":[81],"on":[82],"kill":[85],"chain":[86],"maintains":[88],"stage-specific":[89],"detectors.":[90],"When":[91],"anomalies":[92],"in":[93],"later":[95],"action":[96],"stage":[97],"emerge,":[98],"system":[100],"retroactively":[101],"analyzes":[102],"event":[103],"logs":[104],"using":[105],"attention-based":[107],"sequence-to-sequence":[108],"model":[109],"identify":[111],"infections.":[113,125],"Then,":[114],"infection":[116,142],"detector":[117],"updated":[119],"with":[120],"information":[121],"about":[122],"identified":[124],"We":[126,156],"have":[127,157],"evaluated":[128],"ARIoTEDef":[129,164,173],"against":[130,165],"such":[133],"Mirai":[136],"botnet.":[137],"Results":[138],"show":[139,171],"that":[140,172],"detector\u2019s":[143],"average":[144],"F1":[145],"score":[146],"increases":[147],"from":[148,178],"0.31":[149],"0.87":[151],"after":[152],"one":[153],"evolution":[154],"round.":[155],"also":[158],"conducted":[159],"extensive":[161],"analysis":[162],"evasion":[167],"attacks.":[168],"Our":[169],"results":[170],"robust":[175],"benefits":[177],"multiple":[179],"rounds":[180],"evolution.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
