{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394844140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658675","title":"Discovering Personalized Semantics for Soft Attributes in Recommender Systems Using Concept Activation Vectors","display_name":"Discovering Personalized Semantics for Soft Attributes in Recommender Systems Using Concept Activation Vectors","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394844140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658675"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658675","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658675","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3658675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387284325","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Recommender Systems","issn_l":"2770-6699","issn":["2770-6699"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Recommender Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3658675","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044492514","display_name":"Christina G\u00f6pfert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2517-4907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","display_name":"Bielefeld University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089985","display_name":"Amazon (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00b9ktm87","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040","https://openalex.org/I4210089985"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christina G\u00f6pfert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon.com Inc, Berlin, Germany and Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2517-4907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon.com Inc, Berlin, Germany and Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089985","https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043282279","display_name":"Alex Haig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4421-7620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Haig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc, Mountain View, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4421-7620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc, Mountain View, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101930378","display_name":"Chih\u2010Wei Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9929-9951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Wei Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc, Mountain View, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9929-9951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc, Mountain View, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039948454","display_name":"Yinlam Chow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7533-8300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinlam Chow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc, Mountain View, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7533-8300","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc, Mountain View, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008265316","display_name":"Ivan Vendrov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0825-4841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Vendrov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc, Mountain View, United States and Anthropic, San Francisco, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0825-4841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc, Mountain View, United States and Anthropic, San Francisco, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086690493","display_name":"Tyler Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7433-8421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3197470489","display_name":"Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society","ror":"https://ror.org/057q9nn35","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3197470489"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tyler Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta AI, Menlo Park, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7433-8421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI, Menlo Park, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3197470489","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111238931","display_name":"Deepak Ramachandran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5412-6133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Ramachandran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc, Mountain View, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5412-6133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc, Mountain View, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053177562","display_name":"Hubert Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7216-6301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hubert Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc, Mountain View, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7216-6301","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc, Mountain View, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013843778","display_name":"Mohammad Ghavamzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-8688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Ghavamzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon.com Inc, Seattle, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-8688","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon.com Inc, Seattle, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036934218","display_name":"Craig Boutilier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9330-4545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Boutilier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc, Mountain View, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9330-4545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc, Mountain View, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044492514"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455","https://openalex.org/I4210089985"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.746,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7355212,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12101","display_name":"Advanced Bandit Algorithms Research","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recommender-system","display_name":"Recommender system","score":0.8656219244003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8436357975006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7795713543891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.7176246643066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4833228588104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4637136459350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4548833668231964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4510740637779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.45039457082748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4273381531238556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3543927073478699}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557471498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554950","display_name":"Recommender system","level":2,"score":0.8656219244003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8436357975006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7795713543891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7176246643066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4833228588104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4637136459350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4548833668231964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4510740637779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.45039457082748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4273381531238556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3543927073478699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658675","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658675","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3658675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387284325","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Recommender Systems","issn_l":"2770-6699","issn":["2770-6699"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Recommender Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658675","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658675","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3658675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387284325","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Recommender Systems","issn_l":"2770-6699","issn":["2770-6699"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Recommender Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394844140.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394844140.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518510636","https://openalex.org/W1601795611","https://openalex.org/W1729393350","https://openalex.org/W1967812664","https://openalex.org/W1999047234","https://openalex.org/W2001259128","https://openalex.org/W2031237011","https://openalex.org/W2047221353","https://openalex.org/W2064754513","https://openalex.org/W2083397025","https://openalex.org/W2089349245","https://openalex.org/W2091780923","https://openalex.org/W2101409192","https://openalex.org/W2102982709","https://openalex.org/W2105481243","https://openalex.org/W2113182385","https://openalex.org/W2115584760","https://openalex.org/W2117281325","https://openalex.org/W2125398996","https://openalex.org/W2143331230","https://openalex.org/W2160660844","https://openalex.org/W2163329495","https://openalex.org/W2219888463","https://openalex.org/W2241862190","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2591957553","https://openalex.org/W2605350416","https://openalex.org/W2606098075","https://openalex.org/W2736319382","https://openalex.org/W2791379569","https://openalex.org/W2914800632","https://openalex.org/W2972801466","https://openalex.org/W2973025196","https://openalex.org/W2978329087","https://openalex.org/W2998042338","https://openalex.org/W2999011236","https://openalex.org/W3012629428","https://openalex.org/W3012807747","https://openalex.org/W3016318570","https://openalex.org/W3088296350","https://openalex.org/W3155676867","https://openalex.org/W3183218305","https://openalex.org/W3210341087","https://openalex.org/W4213009331","https://openalex.org/W4293257135","https://openalex.org/W4310895557","https://openalex.org/W4365799947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4388685194","https://openalex.org/W4312407344","https://openalex.org/W2894289927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interactive":[0],"recommender":[1,21,91,152],"systems":[2,22,92],"have":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,39,70,84,118,130,134],"promising":[7],"paradigm":[8],"to":[9,31,56,62,82,95,106,132,146,163,211],"overcome":[10],"the":[11,14,58,75,138],"limitations":[12],"of":[13,103,140,157,171,174,181],"primitive":[15],"user":[16,147],"feedback":[17],"used":[18,81,210],"by":[19],"traditional":[20],"(e.g.,":[23],"clicks,":[24],"item":[25,216],"consumption,":[26],"ratings).":[27],"They":[28],"allow":[29],"users":[30,97],"express":[32],"intent,":[33],"preferences,":[34],"constraints,":[35],"and":[36,49,143,149,166,173,177,192],"contexts":[37],"in":[38,98,125,151],"richer":[40],"fashion,":[41],"often":[42,80],"using":[43],"natural":[44,104],"language":[45,105],"(including":[46],"faceted":[47],"search":[48],"dialogue).":[50],"Yet":[51],"more":[52],"research":[53],"is":[54,68,88,160],"needed":[55],"find":[57],"most":[59],"effective":[60],"ways":[61],"use":[63,102],"this":[64],"feedback.":[65],"One":[66,154],"challenge":[67],"inferring":[69],"user\u2019s":[71],"semantic":[72],"intent":[73],"from":[74],"open-ended":[76],"terms":[77],"or":[78],"attributes":[79,142,168,183],"describe":[83],"desired":[85],"item.":[86],"This":[87],"critical":[89],"for":[90,122],"that":[93,136,195],"wish":[94],"support":[96],"their":[99],"everyday,":[100],"intuitive":[101],"refine":[107],"recommendation":[108],"results.":[109],"Leveraging":[110],"concept":[111],"activation":[112],"vectors":[113],"(CAVs)":[114],"[":[115],"26":[116],"],":[117],"recently":[119],"developed":[120],"approach":[121,159],"model":[123],"interpretability":[124],"machine":[126],"learning,":[127],"we":[128],"develop":[129],"framework":[131],"learn":[133],"representation":[135,198],"captures":[137],"semantics":[139,205],"such":[141],"connects":[144],"them":[145],"preferences":[148],"behaviors":[150],"systems.":[153],"novel":[155],"feature":[156],"our":[158,196],"its":[161],"ability":[162],"distinguish":[164],"objective":[165],"subjective":[167,182,204],"(both":[169],"subjectivity":[170],"degree":[172],"sense":[175],")":[176],"associate":[178],"different":[179,185],"senses":[180],"with":[184],"users.":[186],"We":[187],"demonstrate":[188],"on":[189],"both":[190],"synthetic":[191],"real-world":[193],"datasets":[194],"CAV":[197],"not":[199],"only":[200],"accurately":[201],"interprets":[202],"users\u2019":[203],"but":[206],"also":[207],"can":[208],"be":[209],"improve":[212],"recommendations":[213],"through":[214],"interactive":[215],"critiquing":[217],".":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
