{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405181245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658644.3690211","title":"Towards Fine-Grained Webpage Fingerprinting at Scale","display_name":"Towards Fine-Grained Webpage Fingerprinting at Scale","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405181245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658644.3690211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658644.3690211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658644.3690211","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3658644.3690211","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 on ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3658644.3690211","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiyuan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8941-0565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiyuan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["INSC & BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8941-0565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INSC & BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068492222","display_name":"Xinhao Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-4777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhao Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["INSC & BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-4777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INSC & BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350165","display_name":"Qi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8776-8730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["INSC, Tsinghua University & Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8776-8730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INSC, Tsinghua University & Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032121242","display_name":"Yunpeng Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunpeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["INSC, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3395-2772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INSC, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045206037","display_name":"Zhuotao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-0434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuotao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["INSC, Tsinghua University & Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-0434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INSC, Tsinghua University & Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026728546","display_name":"Kun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4152-2107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["IST, George Mason University, Fairfax, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4152-2107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IST, George Mason University, Fairfax, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100665814","display_name":"Ke Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2587-8517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["DCST, Tsinghua University & Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2587-8517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DCST, Tsinghua University & Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2806,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95014485,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"423","last_page":"436"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-page","display_name":"Web page","score":0.898363471031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7230891585350037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.49437618255615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.48544245958328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3577061891555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33398035168647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08267664909362793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.898363471031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7230891585350037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.49437618255615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.48544245958328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3577061891555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33398035168647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08267664909362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658644.3690211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658644.3690211","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3658644.3690211","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 on ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658644.3690211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658644.3690211","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3658644.3690211","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 on ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405181245.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012210084","https://openalex.org/W2021949962","https://openalex.org/W2027177092","https://openalex.org/W2088565190","https://openalex.org/W2102359339","https://openalex.org/W2135579486","https://openalex.org/W2272516773","https://openalex.org/W2577283662","https://openalex.org/W2605102252","https://openalex.org/W2895347732","https://openalex.org/W2896133229","https://openalex.org/W2903379676","https://openalex.org/W2956281981","https://openalex.org/W2960741711","https://openalex.org/W2963026686","https://openalex.org/W2963704216","https://openalex.org/W2963775347","https://openalex.org/W2963988212","https://openalex.org/W2964271799","https://openalex.org/W2964602598","https://openalex.org/W2969656782","https://openalex.org/W2984717769","https://openalex.org/W2989013751","https://openalex.org/W3015990833","https://openalex.org/W3031127859","https://openalex.org/W3034202663","https://openalex.org/W3106813043","https://openalex.org/W3107803931","https://openalex.org/W3116203245","https://openalex.org/W3193903060","https://openalex.org/W3194860875","https://openalex.org/W3196587153","https://openalex.org/W3198759872","https://openalex.org/W3199126989","https://openalex.org/W3205749498","https://openalex.org/W4200517969","https://openalex.org/W4205605218","https://openalex.org/W4288057746","https://openalex.org/W4384948652","https://openalex.org/W4388856908","https://openalex.org/W4388858184","https://openalex.org/W4405183144","https://openalex.org/W4405183504"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488511360","https://openalex.org/W1781894645","https://openalex.org/W2894902932","https://openalex.org/W569715723","https://openalex.org/W188332989","https://openalex.org/W2982387199","https://openalex.org/W2000745862","https://openalex.org/W2120930843","https://openalex.org/W42013907","https://openalex.org/W2042734105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Website":[0],"Fingerprinting":[1,47],"(WF)":[2],"attacks":[3,19,49],"can":[4,114],"effectively":[5],"identify":[6,33,146],"the":[7,43,51,73,77,84,110,116,169,178,184],"websites":[8],"visited":[9],"by":[10,108],"Tor":[11],"clients":[12,66],"via":[13],"analyzing":[14],"encrypted":[15],"traffic":[16,56,78,107,126,144,157],"patterns.":[17,127],"Existing":[18],"focus":[20],"on":[21,97],"identifying":[22],"different":[23,40,103],"websites,":[24],"but":[25],"their":[26],"accuracy":[27],"dramatically":[28],"decreases":[29],"when":[30,37],"applied":[31],"to":[32,138,183],"fine-grained":[34],"webpages,":[35,121],"especially":[36],"distinguishing":[38],"among":[39,119],"subpages":[41],"of":[42,53,63,75,80],"same":[44],"website.":[45],"WebPage":[46],"(WPF)":[48],"face":[50],"challenges":[52],"highly":[54],"similar":[55,125],"patterns":[57,79],"and":[58,133,145,152,163],"a":[59,93],"much":[60],"larger":[61],"scale":[62],"webpages.":[64,148],"Furthermore,":[65],"often":[67],"visit":[68],"multiple":[69,147],"webpages":[70,104,162,167],"concurrently,":[71],"increasing":[72],"difficulty":[74],"extracting":[76],"each":[81],"webpage":[82,140],"from":[83,105,142,159],"obfuscated":[85,106,143],"traffic.":[86],"In":[87,128],"this":[88],"paper,":[89],"we":[90],"propose":[91],"Oscar,":[92],"WPF":[94],"attack":[95],"based":[96],"multi-label":[98,179],"metric":[99,135,180],"learning":[100,136],"that":[101],"identifies":[102],"transforming":[109],"feature":[111],"space.":[112],"Oscar":[113,130,151,172],"extract":[115,139],"subtle":[117],"differences":[118],"various":[120],"even":[122],"those":[123],"with":[124],"particular,":[129],"combines":[131],"proxy-based":[132],"sample-based":[134],"losses":[137],"features":[141],"We":[149],"prototype":[150],"evaluate":[153],"its":[154],"performance":[155],"using":[156],"collected":[158],"1,000":[160],"monitored":[161],"over":[164],"9,000":[165],"unmonitored":[166],"in":[168,177],"real":[170],"world.":[171],"demonstrates":[173],"an":[174],"88.6%":[175],"improvement":[176],"Recall@5":[181],"compared":[182],"state-of-the-art":[185],"attacks.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}