{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408151422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697756","title":"AssertLLM: Generating Hardware Verification Assertions from Design Specifications via Multi-LLMs","display_name":"AssertLLM: Generating Hardware Verification Assertions from Design Specifications via Multi-LLMs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408151422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658617.3697756","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697756","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107894583","display_name":"Z. Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3857-6649"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3857-6649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102873255","display_name":"Wenji Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-9395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenji Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-9395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064977234","display_name":"Mengming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8983-683X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China","The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8983-683X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112109364","display_name":"Min Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5486-2947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China","The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5486-2947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101520717","display_name":"Shang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0057-7844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0057-7844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075696558","display_name":"Zhiyao Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-592X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyao Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-592X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003614499","display_name":"Hongce Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4001-264X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongce Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4001-264X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.1659,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9948269,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"614","last_page":"621"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7035659551620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4769657850265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.34354668855667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32608532905578613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7035659551620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4769657850265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.34354668855667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32608532905578613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658617.3697756","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697756","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-145569","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-145569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2291908008","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A03J0013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335480","funder_display_name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5280065856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62304194","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335480","display_name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W567973435","https://openalex.org/W1836910194","https://openalex.org/W2626078224","https://openalex.org/W2745461083","https://openalex.org/W2921499078","https://openalex.org/W2963686907","https://openalex.org/W2973193739","https://openalex.org/W2991044292","https://openalex.org/W3123567287","https://openalex.org/W4200307116","https://openalex.org/W4210725750","https://openalex.org/W4285751640","https://openalex.org/W4308899754","https://openalex.org/W4312081888","https://openalex.org/W4383960222","https://openalex.org/W4392972103","https://openalex.org/W4393145520","https://openalex.org/W4393305455","https://openalex.org/W4403511190","https://openalex.org/W4404133828","https://openalex.org/W4406883518","https://openalex.org/W4409285469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Assertion-based":[0],"verification":[1,29],"(ABV)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,96],"critical":[5],"method":[6],"to":[7,41,123],"ensure":[8],"logic":[9],"designs":[10],"comply":[11],"with":[12],"their":[13,47],"architectural":[14],"specifications.":[15],"ABV":[16],"requires":[17],"assertions,":[18],"which":[19],"are":[20,39],"generally":[21],"converted":[22],"from":[23,36,70],"specifications":[24],"through":[25],"human":[26],"interpretation":[27],"by":[28,44],"engineers.":[30],"Existing":[31],"methods":[32],"for":[33],"generating":[34],"assertions":[35,69,105,121],"specification":[37,64,78,84],"documents":[38],"limited":[40],"sentences":[42,85],"extracted":[43],"engineers,":[45],"discouraging":[46],"practical":[48],"applications.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"work,":[52],"we":[53],"present":[54],"AssertLLM,":[55],"an":[56],"automatic":[57],"assertion":[58],"generation":[59],"framework":[60],"that":[61,113],"processes":[62],"complete":[63],"documents.":[65],"AssertLLM":[66,114],"can":[67,115],"generate":[68,116],"both":[71],"natural":[72,92],"language":[73,93],"and":[74,86,119,125],"waveform":[75],"diagrams":[76],"in":[77],"files.":[79],"It":[80],"first":[81],"converts":[82],"unstructured":[83],"waveforms":[87],"into":[88],"structured":[89],"descriptions":[90],"using":[91],"templates.":[94],"Then,":[95],"customized":[97],"Large":[98],"Language":[99],"Model":[100],"(LLM)":[101],"generates":[102],"the":[103],"final":[104],"based":[106],"on":[107],"these":[108],"descriptions.":[109],"Our":[110],"evaluation":[111],"demonstrates":[112],"more":[117],"accurate":[118],"higher-quality":[120],"compared":[122],"GPT-4o":[124],"GPT-3.5.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
