{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408151729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697616","title":"Exploring Code Language Models for Automated HLS-based Hardware Generation: Benchmark, Infrastructure and Analysis","display_name":"Exploring Code Language Models for Automated HLS-based Hardware Generation: Benchmark, Infrastructure and Analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408151729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697616"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658617.3697616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697616","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697616","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116350179","display_name":"Jiahao Gai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9714-1565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Gai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9714-1565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103944093","display_name":"Hao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0379-9679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0379-9679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060603700","display_name":"Zhican Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6051-9486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhican Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiaotong Univ., Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6051-9486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiaotong Univ., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086789375","display_name":"Hongyu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3278-2122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3278-2122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054752915","display_name":"Wanru Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-0585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanru Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-0585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045638679","display_name":"Nicholas D. Lane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2728-8273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Lane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2728-8273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057043409","display_name":"Hongxiang Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2387-5611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongxiang Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London and Univ. of Cambridge, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2387-5611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London and Univ. of Cambridge, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"988","last_page":"994"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.767108678817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7336339354515076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5838896036148071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.5346241593360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4674091637134552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.40947145223617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3661704361438751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.338120698928833}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.767108678817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7336339354515076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5838896036148071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.5346241593360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4674091637134552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.40947145223617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3661704361438751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.338120698928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658617.3697616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697616","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658617.3697616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697616","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1771830246","https://openalex.org/W2516621648","https://openalex.org/W3027879771","https://openalex.org/W3155072588","https://openalex.org/W3216352822","https://openalex.org/W4287210973","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4389166737","https://openalex.org/W4393145520","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W2048831961","https://openalex.org/W1606349578","https://openalex.org/W4399567378","https://openalex.org/W2944867581"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,39,46,62,76,134,165],"code":[3,156,227],"generation":[4,50,117,157],"have":[5,56],"illuminated":[6],"the":[7,80,98,116,166,181,232,248],"potential":[8,36],"of":[9,37,82,118,125,183,234,250],"employing":[10],"large":[11],"language":[12],"models":[13,200],"(LLMs)":[14],"for":[15,27,93,103,158,188,201],"general-purpose":[16],"programming":[17,41,95,160],"languages":[18,66,161],"such":[19,68],"as":[20,69],"Python":[21],"and":[22,31,51,71,136,176,212,236],"C++,":[23],"opening":[24],"new":[25,164],"opportunities":[26],"automating":[28],"software":[29,40,94,104,129],"development":[30],"enhancing":[32],"programmer":[33],"productivity.":[34],"The":[35],"LLMs":[38,61,147],"has":[42],"sparked":[43],"significant":[44],"interest":[45],"exploring":[47],"automated":[48],"hardware":[49,64,153,190,203,226],"automation.":[52],"Although":[53,155],"preliminary":[54],"endeavors":[55],"been":[57],"made":[58],"to":[59,91,107,128,132,148,170,179,223],"adopt":[60],"generating":[63],"description":[65],"(HDLs)":[67],"Verilog":[70],"SystemVerilog,":[72],"several":[73],"challenges":[74],"persist":[75],"this":[77,143],"direction.":[78],"First,":[79],"volume":[81],"available":[83],"HDL":[84,109,119],"training":[85],"data":[86],"is":[87,162,220],"substantially":[88],"smaller":[89],"compared":[90,127],"that":[92,111],"languages.":[96],"Second,":[97],"pre-trained":[99],"LLMs,":[100],"mainly":[101],"tailored":[102],"code,":[105],"tend":[106],"produce":[108],"designs":[110],"are":[112],"more":[113],"error-prone.":[114],"Third,":[115],"requires":[120],"a":[121,206],"significantly":[122],"higher":[123],"number":[124],"tokens":[126],"programming,":[130],"leading":[131],"inefficiencies":[133],"cost":[135],"energy":[137],"consumption.":[138],"To":[139,193],"tackle":[140],"these":[141],"challenges,":[142],"paper":[144],"explores":[145],"leveraging":[146],"generate":[149],"High-Level":[150],"Synthesis":[151],"(HLS)-based":[152],"design.":[154],"domain-specific":[159],"not":[163],"literature,":[167],"we":[168,196],"aim":[169],"provide":[171],"experimental":[172],"results,":[173],"insights,":[174],"benchmarks,":[175],"evaluation":[177],"infrastructure":[178],"investigate":[180],"suitability":[182],"HLS":[184,215],"over":[185],"low-level":[186],"HDLs":[187],"LLM-assisted":[189,218],"design":[191,243],"generation.":[192,244],"achieve":[194],"this,":[195],"first":[197],"finetune":[198],"pretrained":[199],"HLS-based":[202],"generation,":[204,228],"using":[205],"collected":[207],"dataset":[208],"with":[209],"text":[210],"prompts":[211],"corresponding":[213],"reference":[214],"designs.":[216],"An":[217],"framework":[219],"then":[221],"proposed":[222],"automate":[224],"end-to-end":[225],"which":[229],"also":[230],"investigates":[231],"impact":[233],"chain-of-thought":[235],"feedback":[237],"loops":[238],"promoting":[239],"techniques":[240],"on":[241],"HLS-":[242],"Comprehensive":[245],"experiments":[246],"demonstrate":[247],"effectiveness":[249],"our":[251],"methods.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}