{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408151487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697572","title":"HCiM: ADC-Less Hybrid Analog-Digital Compute in Memory Accelerator for Deep Learning Workloads","display_name":"HCiM: ADC-Less Hybrid Analog-Digital Compute in Memory Accelerator for Deep Learning Workloads","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408151487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658617.3697572","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697572","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697572","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114949255","display_name":"Shubham Negi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7413-9636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shubham Negi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7413-9636","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114858941","display_name":"Utkarsh Saxena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0042-2413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Utkarsh Saxena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0042-2413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100664110","display_name":"Deepika Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8244-7919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepika Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8244-7919","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031161187","display_name":"Kaushik Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0735-9695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0735-9695","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.676,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89385755,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"648","last_page":"655"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7657803297042847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/successive-approximation-adc","display_name":"Successive approximation ADC","score":0.4648721516132355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.438385546207428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43637925386428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38491714000701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.360576331615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.17297771573066711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07621347904205322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7657803297042847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60154766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2650458","display_name":"Successive approximation ADC","level":4,"score":0.4648721516132355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.438385546207428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43637925386428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38491714000701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.360576331615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17297771573066711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07621347904205322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658617.3697572","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697572","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658617.3697572","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697572","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089267425","https://openalex.org/W2167067352","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2588191434","https://openalex.org/W2799859329","https://openalex.org/W2913104037","https://openalex.org/W3005619596","https://openalex.org/W3089015596","https://openalex.org/W3092137903","https://openalex.org/W3161867321","https://openalex.org/W4200001938","https://openalex.org/W4226114467","https://openalex.org/W4249057194","https://openalex.org/W4293023013","https://openalex.org/W4300228436","https://openalex.org/W4313478540","https://openalex.org/W4318685314","https://openalex.org/W4376134047","https://openalex.org/W4386802940","https://openalex.org/W4386859314","https://openalex.org/W4387070976","https://openalex.org/W6862640317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W3086377361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Analog":[0],"Compute-in-Memory":[1],"(CiM)":[2],"accelerators":[3],"are":[4,97,143],"increasingly":[5],"recognized":[6],"for":[7,23,68,77,164,175],"their":[8,17],"efficiency":[9],"in":[10,205],"accelerating":[11],"Deep":[12],"Neural":[13],"Networks":[14],"(DNNs).":[15],"However,":[16],"dependence":[18],"on":[19],"Analog-to-Digital":[20],"Converters":[21],"(ADCs)":[22],"accumulating":[24],"partial":[25,69,129],"sums":[26,70],"from":[27],"crossbars":[28,163],"leads":[29],"to":[30,46,119,180,196],"substantial":[31],"power":[32],"and":[33,128,188,198],"area":[34,39],"overhead.":[35],"Moreover,":[36],"the":[37,47,75,88,110,116,124],"high":[38],"overhead":[40],"of":[41,50,90,126],"ADCs":[42,51],"constrains":[43],"throughput":[44],"due":[45],"limited":[48],"number":[49],"that":[52,133],"can":[53,71],"be":[54,72,107],"integrated":[55],"per":[56],"crossbar.":[57],"To":[58,132],"mitigate":[59],"this":[60,80],"issue,":[61],"extreme":[62],"low-precision":[63],"quantization":[64],"(binary":[65],"or":[66,112],"ternary)":[67],"adopted,":[73],"eliminating":[74],"need":[76],"ADCs.":[78],"While":[79],"strategy":[81],"effectively":[82],"reduces":[83],"ADC":[84],"costs,":[85],"it":[86],"introduces":[87],"challenge":[89],"managing":[91],"numerous":[92],"floating-point":[93],"scale":[94,104,177],"factors,":[95],"which":[96],"trainable":[98],"parameters":[99],"like":[100],"DNN":[101],"weights.":[102],"These":[103],"factors":[105],"must":[106],"multiplied":[108],"with":[109,145,170,201],"binary":[111],"ternary":[113],"outputs":[114],"at":[115],"crossbar":[117],"columns":[118],"maintain":[120],"system":[121],"accuracy,":[122],"offsetting":[123],"benefits":[125],"CiM":[127,157,162,173,183],"sum":[130],"quantization.":[131],"effect,":[134],"we":[135,150],"propose":[136],"an":[137,153,181],"algorithm-hardware":[138],"co-design":[139],"approach.":[140],"Initially,":[141],"DNNs":[142],"trained":[144],"two-stage":[146],"quantization-aware":[147],"training.":[148],"Subsequently,":[149],"introduce":[151],"HCiM,":[152],"ADC-Less":[154],"Hybrid":[155],"Analog-Digital":[156],"accelerator.":[158],"HCiM":[159,191],"uses":[160],"analog":[161,182],"performing":[165],"Matrix-Vector":[166],"Multiplication":[167],"operations,":[168],"coupled":[169],"a":[171,202],"digital":[172],"array":[174],"processing":[176],"factors.":[178],"Compared":[179],"baseline":[184],"architecture":[185],"using":[186],"7":[187],"2-bit":[189],"ADCs,":[190],"provides":[192],"energy":[193],"reductions":[194],"up":[195],"28\u00d7":[197],"11\u00d7,":[199],"respectively,":[200],"minimal":[203],"drop":[204],"accuracy.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}