{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408151484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697570","title":"3D-METRO: Deploy Large-Scale Transformer Model on A Chip Using Transistor-Less 3D-Metal-ROM-Based Compute-in-Memory Macro","display_name":"3D-METRO: Deploy Large-Scale Transformer Model on A Chip Using Transistor-Less 3D-Metal-ROM-Based Compute-in-Memory Macro","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408151484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658617.3697570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697570","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697570","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100333353","display_name":"Yiming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1408-5194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036227045","display_name":"Xirui Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2939-9564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xirui Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003507680","display_name":"Guodong Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1315-9806"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guodong Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tinghua Univ., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tinghua Univ., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012356889","display_name":"Wenjun Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9994-8736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjun Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045721867","display_name":"Yongpan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4892-2309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongpan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023755254","display_name":"Huazhong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-353X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huazhong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764674","display_name":"Xueqing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8051-3345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100333353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1373,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86406979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"642","last_page":"647"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.7459095120429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6963375210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6272870302200317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5715031623840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.5266779661178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3691669702529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3645402789115906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33880674839019775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.33162835240364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1976650357246399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.15601831674575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0949670672416687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.7459095120429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6963375210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6272870302200317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5715031623840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.5266779661178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3691669702529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3645402789115906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33880674839019775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.33162835240364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1976650357246399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.15601831674575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0949670672416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658617.3697570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697570","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658617.3697570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658617.3697570","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1886920970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFA0706100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1806144281","https://openalex.org/W2095076490","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2904299207","https://openalex.org/W3014675721","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3159353913","https://openalex.org/W3161867321","https://openalex.org/W4221101426","https://openalex.org/W4221154961","https://openalex.org/W4281806276","https://openalex.org/W4282000367","https://openalex.org/W4312847929","https://openalex.org/W4366850747","https://openalex.org/W4386764202","https://openalex.org/W4388469767","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6788001715","https://openalex.org/W6796581206","https://openalex.org/W6846659131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030816003","https://openalex.org/W4239992647","https://openalex.org/W2150013480","https://openalex.org/W1554458299","https://openalex.org/W81423522","https://openalex.org/W1509860481","https://openalex.org/W2488264085","https://openalex.org/W2076325756","https://openalex.org/W4386206750","https://openalex.org/W4238700786"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"large":[1,66,91,190],"Transformer":[2,82],"models":[3,93],"have":[4,136],"exhibited":[5],"outstanding":[6],"performance":[7],"on":[8,94,125,195],"multimodal":[9],"tasks,":[10],"the":[11,44,58,110,126,131,160,164,173,187],"underlying":[12],"massive":[13],"parameters":[14],"land":[15],"up":[16,105],"with":[17,96,116,199],"memory-wall":[18],"issues.":[19],"To":[20],"address":[21],"this":[22,100,139],"bottleneck,":[23],"SRAM-based":[24],"compute-in-memory":[25],"(CiM)":[26],"is":[27,75,156,177],"a":[28,49,65,117,121,151,196],"promising":[29],"technique.":[30],"However,":[31,73],"frequent":[32],"off-chip":[33],"weight":[34],"loading":[35],"due":[36,162],"to":[37,78,106,163],"limited":[38],"on-chip":[39,62],"capacity":[40],"could":[41],"severely":[42],"limit":[43],"systemlevel":[45],"energy":[46,201],"efficiency.":[47],"Recently,":[48],"high-density":[50],"CiM":[51],"structure":[52],"at":[53],"16.4Mb/mm2,":[54],"YOLoC,":[55,175],"has":[56],"shown":[57],"potential":[59],"of":[60,64,112,179,184],"complete":[61],"deployment":[63,194],"detection":[67],"model":[68,192],"using":[69],"transistor-based":[70],"read-only-memory":[71],"(ROM).":[72],"it":[74],"still":[76],"challenging":[77],"deploy":[79],"even":[80],"larger":[81],"models.":[83],"With":[84],"opportunities":[85],"provided":[86],"by":[87,108],"LoRA":[88],"for":[89,114,147,158,189],"finetuning":[90],"pretrained":[92],"ROM-CiM":[95,115],"very":[97],"light":[98],"SRAM-CiMs,":[99],"work":[101,140],"achieves":[102,168],"ultra-high":[103,169],"density":[104,170],"165.6Mb/mm2":[107],"eliminating":[109],"use":[111],"transistors":[113],"proposed":[118,157],"3D-METRO":[119,167],"and":[120],"3D":[122],"stacking":[123],"array":[124],"mature":[127],"CMOS":[128],"process.":[129],"Unlike":[130],"usual":[132],"belief":[133],"that":[134,142,183],"parasitics":[135,143],"negative":[137],"impacts,":[138],"observes":[141],"can":[144],"be":[145],"utilized":[146],"data":[148],"storage.":[149],"Furthermore,":[150],"local":[152],"recovering":[153],"unit":[154],"(LRU)":[155],"addressing":[159],"interference":[161],"transistor-less":[165],"structure.":[166],"improvement":[171],"over":[172],"previous":[174],"which":[176],"hundreds":[178],"times":[180],"higher":[181],"than":[182],"SRAM-CiM,":[185],"enabling":[186],"opportunity":[188],"language":[191],"(LLM)":[193],"single":[197],"chip":[198],"28x":[200],"efficiency":[202],"improvement.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
