{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400820783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658193","title":"SMERF: Streamable Memory Efficient Radiance Fields for Real-Time Large-Scene Exploration","display_name":"SMERF: Streamable Memory Efficient Radiance Fields for Real-Time Large-Scene Exploration","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400820783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658193","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018358657","display_name":"Daniel Duckworth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8716-5934"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Duckworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8716-5934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063648051","display_name":"Peter Hedman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-0185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Hedman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-0185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014014970","display_name":"Christian Reiser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1050-3958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Reiser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","T\u00fcbingen AI Center, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1050-3958","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"T\u00fcbingen AI Center, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093487513","display_name":"Peter Zhizhin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8850-252X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Zhizhin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8850-252X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093487514","display_name":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Thibert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8095-4121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148186","display_name":"Google (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/04d06q394","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969","https://openalex.org/I4210148186"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Thibert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google AR/VR, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8095-4121","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google AR/VR, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044677020","display_name":"Mario Lu\u010di\u0107","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100430","display_name":"Google (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/014f9c269","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210100430","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Lu\u010di\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7826-2340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069325434","display_name":"Rick Szeliski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5300-5475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Szeliski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, Seattle, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5300-5475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, Seattle, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024117395","display_name":"Jonathan T. Barron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4016-9448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan T. Barron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, Alameda, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4016-9448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, Alameda, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.6114,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99268228,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiance","display_name":"Radiance","score":0.8978591561317444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6689434051513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.5702649354934692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4311584532260895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39358508586883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3312382698059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22359222173690796}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23690007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411145","display_name":"Radiance","level":2,"score":0.8978591561317444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6689434051513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.5702649354934692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4311584532260895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39358508586883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3312382698059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22359222173690796}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3658193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3658193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2122572959","https://openalex.org/W2158037930","https://openalex.org/W2293372129","https://openalex.org/W2471962767","https://openalex.org/W2901584762","https://openalex.org/W2963557767","https://openalex.org/W3214712237","https://openalex.org/W4286615883","https://openalex.org/W4386076691","https://openalex.org/W6603850445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2157702764","https://openalex.org/W2508448752","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2775347418","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"techniques":[1],"for":[2,63],"real-time":[3,64,78,151,167,197],"view":[4,70,169],"synthesis":[5,71,170],"have":[6],"rapidly":[7],"advanced":[8],"in":[9,57,144,150,166],"fidelity":[10,131],"and":[11,13,41,119,122,132,148,155,177,195],"speed,":[12],"modern":[14],"methods":[15,79],"are":[16],"capable":[17],"of":[18,51,94,141,187,203],"rendering":[19],"near-photorealistic":[20],"scenes":[21,82],"at":[22,90,216],"interactive":[23],"frame":[24],"rates.":[25],"At":[26],"the":[27,52,55,164],"same":[28],"time,":[29],"a":[30,69,91,107,123,145,200],"tension":[31],"has":[32],"arisen":[33],"between":[34],"explicit":[35],"scene":[36],"representations":[37],"amenable":[38],"to":[39,86,211],"rasterization":[40],"neural":[42],"fields":[43],"built":[44,102],"on":[45,80,152,174,180],"ray":[46],"marching,":[47],"with":[48,83],"state-of-the-art":[49,75,165,191],"instances":[50],"latter":[53],"surpassing":[54],"former":[56],"quality":[58],"while":[59,116],"being":[60],"prohibitively":[61],"expensive":[62],"applications.":[65],"We":[66,208],"introduce":[67],"SMERF,":[68],"approach":[72],"that":[73,127,160],"achieves":[74,196],"accuracy":[76],"among":[77],"large":[81,181],"footprints":[84],"up":[85],"300":[87],"m":[88],"2":[89],"volumetric":[92],"resolution":[93],"3.5":[95],"mm":[96],"3":[97],".":[98],"Our":[99,135],"method":[100,136,162],"is":[101],"upon":[103],"two":[104],"primary":[105],"contributions:":[106],"hierarchical":[108],"model":[109,114],"partitioning":[110],"scheme,":[111],"which":[112],"increases":[113],"capacity":[115],"constraining":[117],"compute":[118],"memory":[120],"consumption,":[121],"distillation":[124],"training":[125],"strategy":[126],"simultaneously":[128],"yields":[129],"high":[130],"internal":[133],"consistency.":[134],"enables":[137],"full":[138],"six":[139],"degrees":[140],"freedom":[142],"navigation":[143],"web":[146],"browser":[147],"renders":[149,183],"commodity":[153,204],"smartphones":[154],"laptops.":[156],"Extensive":[157],"experiments":[158],"show":[159],"our":[161,217],"exceeds":[163],"novel":[168],"by":[171],"0.78":[172],"dB":[173,179],"standard":[175],"benchmarks":[176],"1.78":[178],"scenes,":[182],"frames":[184],"three":[185],"orders":[186],"magnitude":[188],"faster":[189],"than":[190],"radiance":[192],"field":[193],"models,":[194],"performance":[198],"across":[199],"wide":[201],"variety":[202],"devices,":[205],"including":[206],"smartphones.":[207],"encourage":[209],"readers":[210],"explore":[212],"these":[213],"models":[214],"interactively":[215],"project":[218],"website:":[219],"https://smerf-3d.github.io.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
