{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393421265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655627","title":"HLPerf: Demystifying the Performance of HLS-based Graph Neural Networks with Dataflow Architectures","display_name":"HLPerf: Demystifying the Performance of HLS-based Graph Neural Networks with Dataflow Architectures","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393421265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655627"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3655627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655627","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3655627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3655627","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101858403","display_name":"Chenfeng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9952-0628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chenfeng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States","Dept.\u00a0of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington Univ.\u00a0in St.\u00a0Louis, St.\u00a0Louis, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept.\u00a0of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington Univ.\u00a0in St.\u00a0Louis, St.\u00a0Louis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064396574","display_name":"Clayton J. Faber","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clayton Faber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States","Dept.\u00a0of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington Univ.\u00a0in St.\u00a0Louis, St.\u00a0Louis, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept.\u00a0of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington Univ.\u00a0in St.\u00a0Louis, St.\u00a0Louis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006814645","display_name":"Roger D. Chamberlain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7207-6106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Chamberlain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States","Dept.\u00a0of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington Univ.\u00a0in St.\u00a0Louis, St.\u00a0Louis, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept.\u00a0of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington Univ.\u00a0in St.\u00a0Louis, St.\u00a0Louis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010392575","display_name":"Xuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0482-5435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, United States","Dept.\u00a0of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129","https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept.\u00a0of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129","https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101858403"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7254,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90959426,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataflow","display_name":"Dataflow","score":0.8871753811836243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8856601715087891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5233413577079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4746454358100891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4691556692123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataflow-architecture","display_name":"Dataflow architecture","score":0.4614025950431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.27482667565345764}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96324660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205446","display_name":"Dataflow","level":2,"score":0.8871753811836243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8856601715087891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5233413577079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4746454358100891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4691556692123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176727019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172415","display_name":"Dataflow architecture","level":3,"score":0.4614025950431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.27482667565345764}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3655627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655627","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3655627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3655627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655627","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3655627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2375018817","display_name":"CPS: Medium: Modular Power Orchestration at the Meso-scale","funder_award_id":"1739643","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8553836326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1763503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393421265.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393421265.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501856433","https://openalex.org/W2006312753","https://openalex.org/W2168732909","https://openalex.org/W2558460151","https://openalex.org/W2595507424","https://openalex.org/W2624431344","https://openalex.org/W2751808960","https://openalex.org/W2788919350","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2915194696","https://openalex.org/W2962856739","https://openalex.org/W2975468520","https://openalex.org/W2985324865","https://openalex.org/W2999537838","https://openalex.org/W3004310455","https://openalex.org/W3017228913","https://openalex.org/W3021975806","https://openalex.org/W3047846843","https://openalex.org/W3090389586","https://openalex.org/W3098510835","https://openalex.org/W3100078588","https://openalex.org/W3100569748","https://openalex.org/W3105753905","https://openalex.org/W3108085245","https://openalex.org/W3111579839","https://openalex.org/W3132871189","https://openalex.org/W3173659812","https://openalex.org/W3180004386","https://openalex.org/W3200832253","https://openalex.org/W3208506679","https://openalex.org/W4200032511","https://openalex.org/W4200104223","https://openalex.org/W4233718422","https://openalex.org/W4255897758","https://openalex.org/W4308090205","https://openalex.org/W4353007093","https://openalex.org/W4383749334","https://openalex.org/W4386764393","https://openalex.org/W4390097869","https://openalex.org/W6746451923","https://openalex.org/W6751092147"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2564598376","https://openalex.org/W1484403103","https://openalex.org/W2584408851","https://openalex.org/W2115158825","https://openalex.org/W2101960124","https://openalex.org/W4377693460","https://openalex.org/W2783505431","https://openalex.org/W2521947294","https://openalex.org/W4236419692","https://openalex.org/W2017802743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,105],"development":[1],"of":[2,67,133],"FPGA-based":[3],"applications":[4],"using":[5],"HLS":[6],"is":[7,25,30,37],"fraught":[8],"with":[9,41,100],"performance":[10,29,56,74],"pitfalls":[11],"and":[12,27,71,97,103,121],"large":[13],"design":[14,69,154],"space":[15,70],"exploration":[16,66],"times.":[17],"These":[18],"issues":[19],"are":[20],"exacerbated":[21],"when":[22],"the":[23,33,39,68,73,79,131,153],"application":[24],"complicated":[26],"its":[28],"dependent":[31],"on":[32],"input":[34],"dataset,":[35],"as":[36,148],"often":[38],"case":[40],"graph":[42,85,93],"neural":[43,86,94],"network":[44,87,95],"approaches":[45],"to":[46,81,118,126,139],"machine":[47],"learning.":[48],"Here,":[49],"we":[50],"introduce":[51],"HLPerf,":[52],"an":[53,83],"open-source,":[54],"simulation-based":[55],"evaluation":[57,75],"framework":[58],"for":[59],"dataflow":[60],"architectures":[61],"that":[62,108],"both":[63],"supports":[64],"early":[65],"shortens":[72],"cycle.":[76,155],"We":[77],"apply":[78],"methodology":[80],"GNNHLS,":[82],"HLS-based":[84],"benchmark":[88],"containing":[89],"six":[90],"commonly":[91],"used":[92],"models":[96],"four":[98],"datasets":[99],"distinct":[101],"topologies":[102],"scales.":[104],"results":[106],"show":[107],"HLPerf":[109,147],"achieves":[110],"over":[111,122],"10,":[112],"000\u00d7":[113],"average":[114],"simulation":[115,120],"acceleration":[116,124,145],"relative":[117,125,138],"RTL":[119],"400\u00d7":[123],"state-of-the-art":[127],"cycle-accurate":[128],"tools":[129],"at":[130],"cost":[132],"7%":[134],"mean":[135],"error":[136],"rate":[137],"actual":[140],"FPGA":[141],"implementation":[142],"performance.":[143],"This":[144],"positions":[146],"a":[149],"viable":[150],"component":[151],"in":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
