{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399071582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655608","title":"Remapping the Document Object Model using Geometric and Hierarchical Data Structures for Efficient Eye Control","display_name":"Remapping the Document Object Model using Geometric and Hierarchical Data Structures for Efficient Eye Control","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399071582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3655608","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056546810","display_name":"Daniel Vella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9404-6576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Vella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of ICT, University of Malta, Msida, Malta"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9404-6576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of ICT, University of Malta, Msida, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080361282","display_name":"Chris Porter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-2941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Porter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of ICT, University of Malta, Msida, Malta"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-2941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of ICT, University of Malta, Msida, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056546810"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9634,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74338787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"ETRA","first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9732999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7018924951553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6337580680847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-database-model","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","score":0.5484772324562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5167688131332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-model","display_name":"Object model","score":0.4822583794593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.48042774200439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3857438564300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.24967816472053528}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7018924951553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6337580680847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144986985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871236","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","level":2,"score":0.5484772324562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5167688131332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20894473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1116105","display_name":"Object model","level":3,"score":0.4822583794593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.48042774200439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3857438564300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.24967816472053528}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3655608","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4854664680","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"REP-2023-011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19399978","https://openalex.org/W1500287723","https://openalex.org/W2008196645","https://openalex.org/W2110228188","https://openalex.org/W2511637758","https://openalex.org/W2534199111","https://openalex.org/W2734091921","https://openalex.org/W2766642606","https://openalex.org/W2805401437","https://openalex.org/W2805558008","https://openalex.org/W2984677869","https://openalex.org/W3031946710","https://openalex.org/W3086742301","https://openalex.org/W4239127880","https://openalex.org/W4254102493","https://openalex.org/W6600808634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169256201","https://openalex.org/W4287280733","https://openalex.org/W3213573742","https://openalex.org/W2128203364","https://openalex.org/W2026565050","https://openalex.org/W3136070008","https://openalex.org/W2108712229","https://openalex.org/W2161198505","https://openalex.org/W2367015181","https://openalex.org/W2048280641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Web":[1],"Content":[2],"Accessibility":[3],"Guidelines":[4],"(WCAG)":[5],"are":[6,12,39,78],"there":[7],"to":[8,41,53],"ensure":[9],"that":[10,35,50],"websites":[11,38],"perceivable,":[13],"operable,":[14],"understandable":[15],"and":[16,22,43,112,130,139],"robust":[17],"across":[18],"different":[19],"user":[20],"agents":[21],"assistive":[23],"technologies.":[24],"However,":[25],"people":[26],"who":[27],"rely":[28],"on":[29,132],"eye":[30],"trackers":[31],"(ETs)":[32],"may":[33],"find":[34],"even":[36],"WCAG-compliant":[37],"hard":[40],"access,":[42],"this":[44],"is":[45],"further":[46],"accentuated":[47],"by":[48],"designs":[49],"offer":[51],"little":[52],"no":[54],"affordances":[55],"for":[56],"ET":[57,83],"interaction.":[58],"Areas":[59],"with":[60,68,109,127,141],"a":[61,98,123],"high":[62],"density":[63],"of":[64,97,116,147],"interactive":[65],"elements,":[66],"along":[67],"hierarchical":[69],"navigation":[70],"menus,":[71,77],"such":[72,134],"as":[73,95,135],"megamenus":[74],"or":[75],"fly-out":[76],"just":[79],"two":[80,91],"examples":[81],"where":[82],"interaction":[84,93],"can":[85],"be":[86],"problematic.":[87],"This":[88],"paper":[89],"introduces":[90],"novel":[92],"patterns":[94],"part":[96],"purpose-built":[99],"gaze-native":[100],"web":[101],"browser":[102],"(Cactus),":[103],"namely":[104],"(a)":[105],"Quadtree-based":[106],"Target":[107],"Selection":[108],"Secondary":[110],"Confirmation":[111],"(b)":[113],"Hierarchical":[114],"Re-rendering":[115],"Navigation":[117],"Menus.":[118],"We":[119],"present":[120],"results":[121],"from":[122],"between-subject":[124],"single-blind":[125],"study":[126],"30":[128],"participants":[129],"report":[131],"metrics":[133],"performance,":[136],"perceived":[137],"workload":[138],"usability,":[140],"demonstrable":[142],"improvements":[143],"over":[144],"the":[145,148],"state":[146],"art.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}