{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399071586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655607","title":"Real-time Prediction of Students' Math Difficulties using Raw Data from Eye Tracking and Neural Networks","display_name":"Real-time Prediction of Students' Math Difficulties using Raw Data from Eye Tracking and Neural Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399071586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3655607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655607","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3655607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3655607","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053906438","display_name":"Kathrin Kennel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-7731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152675","display_name":"Rheinland-Pf\u00e4lzische Technische Universit\u00e4t Kaiserslautern-Landau","ror":"https://ror.org/01qrts582","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152675"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathrin Kennel","raw_affiliation_strings":["RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-7731","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152675"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084905800","display_name":"Stefan Ruzika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3230-0900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152675","display_name":"Rheinland-Pf\u00e4lzische Technische Universit\u00e4t Kaiserslautern-Landau","ror":"https://ror.org/01qrts582","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152675"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Ruzika","raw_affiliation_strings":["RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3230-0900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152675"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6214,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65845114,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"ETRA","first_page":"1","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7915944457054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7321409583091736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.6808653473854065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.6456928253173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5910791158676147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5690705180168152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.5064781904220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49091488122940063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.47522667050361633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.47223448753356934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.46914973855018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.4339739680290222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.43146535754203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19420209527015686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7915944457054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7321409583091736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6808653473854065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.6456928253173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5910791158676147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5690705180168152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5064781904220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49091488122940063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.47522667050361633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47223448753356934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.46914973855018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.4339739680290222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.43146535754203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19420209527015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3655607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655607","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3655607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3655607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3655607","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3655607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5038228589","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01JA1916","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399071586.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987675072","https://openalex.org/W2026904544","https://openalex.org/W2073617814","https://openalex.org/W2088143288","https://openalex.org/W2163270602","https://openalex.org/W2412881022","https://openalex.org/W2468114283","https://openalex.org/W2523868740","https://openalex.org/W2587656332","https://openalex.org/W2590766922","https://openalex.org/W2605961645","https://openalex.org/W2810586486","https://openalex.org/W2810989163","https://openalex.org/W2899694408","https://openalex.org/W2900048091","https://openalex.org/W2908645962","https://openalex.org/W2942331040","https://openalex.org/W2944911832","https://openalex.org/W3035055251","https://openalex.org/W3092173023","https://openalex.org/W3127349607","https://openalex.org/W3155883100","https://openalex.org/W3162448371","https://openalex.org/W3171013397","https://openalex.org/W3204117012","https://openalex.org/W4205438547","https://openalex.org/W4205563072","https://openalex.org/W4210254974","https://openalex.org/W4283032068","https://openalex.org/W4283312461","https://openalex.org/W4291552573","https://openalex.org/W4294591541","https://openalex.org/W4307983274","https://openalex.org/W4321377577","https://openalex.org/W4377014196","https://openalex.org/W4377997225","https://openalex.org/W4378450098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W4241418540","https://openalex.org/W1508895727","https://openalex.org/W2725786787","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Eye":[0],"tracking":[1,85],"technology":[2],"in":[3,135],"adaptive":[4,137],"learning":[5],"systems":[6],"enhances":[7],"diagnostic":[8],"capabilities":[9],"by":[10],"providing":[11],"valuable":[12],"insights":[13],"into":[14],"cognitive":[15],"processes.":[16],"This":[17],"information":[18],"can":[19],"be":[20],"leveraged":[21],"to":[22,54,57,74,115],"identify":[23,75],"and":[24,47,52,69],"address":[25],"difficulties.":[26],"So":[27],"far,":[28],"there":[29],"have":[30],"been":[31],"only":[32,41],"few":[33],"attempts":[34],"of":[35,45,62,87,147],"realizing":[36],"this.":[37],"Studies":[38],"are":[39,106],"usually":[40],"about":[42],"recognizing":[43],"correctness":[44],"answers":[46],"the":[48,103],"evaluation":[49],"is":[50,113],"complex":[51],"difficult":[53],"transfer":[55],"due":[56],"features":[58],"depending":[59],"on":[60,79,120],"Areas":[61],"Interests":[63],"(AOIs).":[64],"We":[65,140],"close":[66],"this":[67,124,142],"gap":[68],"present":[70,127],"a":[71,92,97,117,132],"time-dynamic":[72],"approach":[73],"specific":[76],"difficulties":[77],"based":[78],"raw":[80],"gaze":[81],"data.":[82,122],"The":[83],"eye":[84],"data":[86],"139":[88],"students":[89],"while":[90],"solving":[91],"math":[93],"problem":[94],"serve":[95],"as":[96],"sample.":[98],"Difficulties":[99],"that":[100],"arose":[101],"during":[102],"solution":[104],"process":[105],"known.":[107],"A":[108],"temporal":[109],"convolutional":[110],"network":[111],"(TCN)":[112],"trained":[114],"perform":[116],"multiclass":[118],"classification":[119,134],"sequential":[121],"On":[123],"basis":[125],"we":[126],"an":[128,136,145],"algorithm":[129],"which":[130],"simulates":[131],"dynamic":[133],"real-time":[138],"system.":[139],"evaluate":[141],"procedure":[143],"achieving":[144],"accuracy":[146],"almost":[148],"80%.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}