{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403333913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3654777.3676436","title":"EyeFormer: Predicting Personalized Scanpaths with Transformer-Guided Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"EyeFormer: Predicting Personalized Scanpaths with Transformer-Guided Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403333913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3654777.3676436"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3654777.3676436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3654777.3676436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3654777.3676436","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060889170","display_name":"Yue Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0022-6512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0022-6512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079044890","display_name":"Zixin Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7088-2331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zixin Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7088-2331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002546998","display_name":"Hamed R. Tavakoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-9148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Rezazadegan Tavakoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Technologies, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-9148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Technologies, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017930924","display_name":"Luis A. Leiva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5011-1847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis A. Leiva","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5011-1847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003084232","display_name":"Antti Oulasvirta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2498-7837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antti Oulasvirta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2498-7837","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7947000861167908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6757723093032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6570429801940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4906374514102936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4244352877140045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16190588474273682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.05879330635070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.055085182189941406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7947000861167908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6757723093032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6570429801940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4906374514102936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4244352877140045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16190588474273682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.05879330635070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.055085182189941406}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3654777.3676436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3654777.3676436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/67173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/67173","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"UIST 2024 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (2024-10-13); Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Pittsburgh, Usa [Usa], 13-10-2024 => 16-10-2024","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_5794"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/132806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/9f9f11dd-041d-4b71-a1dc-d8b14747fa5a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401663","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3654777.3676436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3654777.3676436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494726320","https://openalex.org/W1559896154","https://openalex.org/W1564369310","https://openalex.org/W1571410595","https://openalex.org/W1934890906","https://openalex.org/W1975802433","https://openalex.org/W2007571554","https://openalex.org/W2033552122","https://openalex.org/W2052882981","https://openalex.org/W2069065514","https://openalex.org/W2069192723","https://openalex.org/W2088574598","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2128272608","https://openalex.org/W2552495561","https://openalex.org/W2799224386","https://openalex.org/W2884414611","https://openalex.org/W2912614787","https://openalex.org/W2930891713","https://openalex.org/W2941272892","https://openalex.org/W2963084599","https://openalex.org/W2964279441","https://openalex.org/W2972101714","https://openalex.org/W2983589261","https://openalex.org/W2993760950","https://openalex.org/W2997437965","https://openalex.org/W2997902164","https://openalex.org/W3000052977","https://openalex.org/W3004178645","https://openalex.org/W3034964972","https://openalex.org/W3048953431","https://openalex.org/W3091272181","https://openalex.org/W3094173895","https://openalex.org/W3104540168","https://openalex.org/W3176796859","https://openalex.org/W4212911677","https://openalex.org/W4212985843","https://openalex.org/W4225004727","https://openalex.org/W4225109875","https://openalex.org/W4285467288","https://openalex.org/W4319303180","https://openalex.org/W4366549548","https://openalex.org/W4366590920","https://openalex.org/W4384659783","https://openalex.org/W4386057737","https://openalex.org/W4389296917","https://openalex.org/W4395065140","https://openalex.org/W4396832936","https://openalex.org/W4396986748","https://openalex.org/W4399071590","https://openalex.org/W4404784092","https://openalex.org/W6811217080"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"From":[0],"a":[1,10,65,69,74,95],"visual-perception":[2],"perspective,":[3],"modern":[4],"graphical":[5],"user":[6,97],"interfaces":[7],"(GUIs)":[8],"comprise":[9],"complex":[11],"graphics-rich":[12],"two-dimensional":[13],"visuospatial":[14],"arrangement":[15],"of":[16,50,89],"text,":[17],"images,":[18],"and":[19,25,34,109,113],"interactive":[20],"objects":[21,35],"such":[22],"as":[23,68],"buttons":[24],"menus.":[26],"While":[27],"existing":[28],"models":[29],"can":[30,101],"accurately":[31],"predict":[32,102],"regions":[33],"that":[36,79],"are":[37],"likely":[38],"to":[39,72],"attract":[40],"attention":[41],"\u201con":[42],"average\u201d,":[43],"no":[44],"scanpath":[45,98,104],"model":[46,84],"has":[47],"been":[48],"capable":[49],"predicting":[51],"scanpaths":[52],"for":[53],"an":[54],"individual.":[55],"To":[56],"close":[57],"this":[58],"gap,":[59],"we":[60,118],"introduce":[61],"EyeFormer,":[62],"which":[63],"utilizes":[64],"Transformer":[66],"architecture":[67],"policy":[70],"network":[71],"guide":[73],"deep":[75],"reinforcement":[76],"learning":[77],"algorithm":[78],"predicts":[80],"gaze":[81],"locations.":[82],"Our":[83],"offers":[85],"the":[86],"unique":[87],"capability":[88],"producing":[90],"personalized":[91],"predictions":[92],"when":[93],"given":[94],"few":[96],"samples.":[99],"It":[100],"full":[103],"information,":[105],"including":[106],"fixation":[107],"positions":[108],"durations,":[110],"across":[111],"individuals":[112],"various":[114],"stimulus":[115],"types.":[116],"Additionally,":[117],"demonstrate":[119],"applications":[120],"in":[121],"GUI":[122],"layout":[123],"optimization":[124],"driven":[125],"by":[126],"our":[127],"model.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}