{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399885533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3653946.3653972","title":"Improving Optical Character Recognition in License Plate Images using Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Improving Optical Character Recognition in License Plate Images using Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399885533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3653946.3653972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3653946.3653972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3653946.3653972","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 7th International Conference on Machine Vision and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099339741","display_name":"Aakash Gnanavelu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3855-1656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096043","display_name":"HELP International Corporation (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00s4gpc71","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aakash Gnanavelu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3855-1656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002862293","display_name":"C.-Y. Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9926-1258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096043","display_name":"HELP International Corporation (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00s4gpc71","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ching Yee Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9926-1258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013590331","display_name":"T. Yee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3085-4175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096043","display_name":"HELP International Corporation (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00s4gpc71","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tze Swen Yee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3085-4175","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090973734","display_name":"H. W. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9607-5253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096043","display_name":"HELP International Corporation (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00s4gpc71","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9607-5253","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099339742","display_name":"Oliver Aik Dee Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6645-7383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096043","display_name":"HELP International Corporation (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00s4gpc71","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Aik Dee Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6645-7383","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102958440","display_name":"Kai Rong Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7767-9846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096043","display_name":"HELP International Corporation (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00s4gpc71","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Rong Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7767-9846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041243405","display_name":"Siaw-Lang Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3652-9614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096043","display_name":"HELP International Corporation (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00s4gpc71","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siaw-Lang Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3652-9614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Design Technology &amp; Art Department, HELP International School, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5099339741"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096043"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14294963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"169","last_page":"174"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8397382497787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.820112943649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8194061517715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.7642384171485901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6515034437179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.6070176959037781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5586667656898499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5254494547843933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5119248628616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.49851417541503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.46839404106140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.4483460783958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.42626050114631653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3748456835746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.351769357919693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.19597864151000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10090041160583496}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8397382497787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.820112943649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8194061517715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.7642384171485901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6515034437179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.6070176959037781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5586667656898499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5254494547843933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5119248628616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49851417541503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.46839404106140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.4483460783958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.42626050114631653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3748456835746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.351769357919693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.19597864151000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10090041160583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3653946.3653972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3653946.3653972","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 7th International Conference on Machine Vision and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170379784","https://openalex.org/W3090093362","https://openalex.org/W6950609307"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794103424","https://openalex.org/W2606446052","https://openalex.org/W2036021480","https://openalex.org/W1996530509","https://openalex.org/W3028317537","https://openalex.org/W2389515972","https://openalex.org/W4245435724","https://openalex.org/W2055301889","https://openalex.org/W4400979532","https://openalex.org/W3195777957"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"character":[1],"recognition":[2],"(OCR)":[3],"is":[4,23,52,87,131,142],"an":[5],"essential":[6],"component":[7],"of":[8,78,112,123],"computer":[9],"vision":[10],"systems,":[11],"especially":[12],"for":[13,55,115],"tasks":[14],"like":[15],"license":[16,113],"plate":[17],"recognition.":[18],"Problems":[19],"arise":[20],"when":[21],"OCR":[22,80],"used":[24],"on":[25,95,143],"smaller":[26,151],"pictures,":[27],"which":[28,51],"results":[29],"in":[30,34,82],"a":[31,66,109],"significant":[32],"loss":[33],"accuracy.":[35],"Although":[36],"modern":[37],"technologies":[38],"have":[39],"attempted":[40],"to":[41,74,92],"overcome":[42],"this":[43],"obstacle,":[44],"they":[45],"face":[46],"practical":[47],"challenges,":[48],"chief":[49],"among":[50,136],"the":[53,76,90,121,134,137],"need":[54,91],"large":[56,96],"datasets":[57,97],"containing":[58],"high-quality":[59],"and":[60,141],"low-quality":[61],"pictures.":[62,84],"This":[63,117],"work":[64],"presents":[65],"unique":[67],"technique":[68],"that":[69],"uses":[70],"reinforcement":[71,99,125],"learning":[72,126],"models":[73,107],"solve":[75],"challenge":[77],"improving":[79],"accuracy":[81],"lower-resolution":[83],"Our":[85],"methodology":[86],"motivated":[88],"by":[89],"reduce":[93],"reliance":[94],"using":[98,108],"learning.":[100],"To":[101],"stimulate":[102],"this,":[103],"we":[104,139],"train":[105],"our":[106],"small":[110],"sample":[111],"plates":[114],"training.":[116],"research":[118,147],"paper":[119],"compares":[120],"performance":[122],"different":[124],"models.":[127],"Proximal":[128],"Policy":[129],"Optimization":[130],"identified":[132],"as":[133],"best":[135],"algorithms":[138],"tested":[140],"par":[144],"with":[145,150],"other":[146],"methods,":[148],"even":[149],"training":[152],"data.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
