{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393002303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3653070","title":"On the Opportunities and Challenges of Foundation Models for GeoAI (Vision Paper)","display_name":"On the Opportunities and Challenges of Foundation Models for GeoAI (Vision Paper)","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393002303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3653070"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3653070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3653070","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3653070","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2503711797","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems","issn_l":"2374-0353","issn":["2374-0353","2374-0361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3653070","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036007312","display_name":"Gengchen Mai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-7309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gengchen Mai","raw_affiliation_strings":["SEAI Lab, Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-7309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEAI Lab, Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057631007","display_name":"Weiming Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3208-4208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiming Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3208-4208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101575587","display_name":"Jin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2926-4023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2926-4023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008488180","display_name":"Suhang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1934-632X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suhang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1934-632X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048372527","display_name":"Deepak R. Mishra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8192-7681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007489034","display_name":"Ninghao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9170-2424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ninghao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9170-2424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101938899","display_name":"Song Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-6302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-6302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100647156","display_name":"Tianming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-9048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-9048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045198704","display_name":"Gao Cong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-6373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao Cong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-6373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005042481","display_name":"Yingjie Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5515-4125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjie Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GeoAI Lab, Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5515-4125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GeoAI Lab, Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034127198","display_name":"Chris Cundy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-4110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Cundy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-4110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104473714","display_name":"Ziyuan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1835-3336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082809671","display_name":"Rui Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8910-9445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8910-9445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087022523","display_name":"Ni Lao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4034-7784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ni Lao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4034-7784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036007312"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":164.7185,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99980321,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"46"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.6878063678741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5327565670013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3277876675128937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.13101589679718018}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.6878063678741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5327565670013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3277876675128937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13101589679718018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3653070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3653070","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3653070","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2503711797","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems","issn_l":"2374-0353","issn":["2374-0353","2374-0361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/5886bbd7-2561-424b-9d87-56011026cfb7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/5886bbd7-2561-424b-9d87-56011026cfb7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055359","display_name":"Explore Bristol Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mai, G, Huang, W, Sun, J, Song, S, Mishra, D, Liu, N, Gao, S, Liu, T, Cong, G, Hu, Y, Cundy, C, Li, Z, Zhu, R & Lao, N 2024, 'On the Opportunities and Challenges of Foundation Models for GeoAI (Vision Paper)', ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems, vol. 10, no. 2, 11, pp. 1-46. https://doi.org/10.1145/3653070","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:224348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3208-4208>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3653070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3653070","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3653070","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2503711797","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems","issn_l":"2374-0353","issn":["2374-0353","2374-0361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322327","display_name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","ror":"https://ror.org/004hzzk67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393002303.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393002303.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":224,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W103979111","https://openalex.org/W1483669204","https://openalex.org/W1585779673","https://openalex.org/W1802453754","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1974932599","https://openalex.org/W1979229940","https://openalex.org/W1993309459","https://openalex.org/W1997413723","https://openalex.org/W2004163170","https://openalex.org/W2008852828","https://openalex.org/W2020694859","https://openalex.org/W2033407985","https://openalex.org/W2040851354","https://openalex.org/W2045066934","https://openalex.org/W2070754571","https://openalex.org/W2096765155","https://openalex.org/W2104583100","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2122865749","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2255845836","https://openalex.org/W2515866431","https://openalex.org/W2515960978","https://openalex.org/W2520641200","https://openalex.org/W2534538876","https://openalex.org/W2546950329","https://openalex.org/W2548825740","https://openalex.org/W2593537191","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2732026016","https://openalex.org/W2747207142","https://openalex.org/W2747329762","https://openalex.org/W2754939259","https://openalex.org/W2755127771","https://openalex.org/W2766790689","https://openalex.org/W2775721950","https://openalex.org/W2776890924","https://openalex.org/W2790453528","https://openalex.org/W2792531619","https://openalex.org/W2799040448","https://openalex.org/W2799089834","https://openalex.org/W2801689578","https://openalex.org/W2802235675","https://openalex.org/W2805800211","https://openalex.org/W2811199523","https://openalex.org/W2889721736","https://openalex.org/W2890231632","https://openalex.org/W2898502679","https://openalex.org/W2899929167","https://openalex.org/W2904703694","https://openalex.org/W2947890607","https://openalex.org/W2953356739","https://openalex.org/W2953660951","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963457723","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2963727135","https://openalex.org/W2966745778","https://openalex.org/W2968570763","https://openalex.org/W2970986510","https://openalex.org/W2971300525","https://openalex.org/W2977248041","https://openalex.org/W2979524927","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W2982441053","https://openalex.org/W2982748034","https://openalex.org/W2986943971","https://openalex.org/W2990520530","https://openalex.org/W3001279689","https://openalex.org/W3001859009","https://openalex.org/W3005596500","https://openalex.org/W3006361663","https://openalex.org/W3011565817","https://openalex.org/W3023770275","https://openalex.org/W3024097351","https://openalex.org/W3028003245","https://openalex.org/W3034534947","https://openalex.org/W3034749137","https://openalex.org/W3036167779","https://openalex.org/W3039638631","https://openalex.org/W3043480203","https://openalex.org/W3045435521","https://openalex.org/W3089596632","https://openalex.org/W3092134888","https://openalex.org/W3092288641","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3098932583","https://openalex.org/W3099011804","https://openalex.org/W3102423243","https://openalex.org/W3104532573","https://openalex.org/W3104884862","https://openalex.org/W3105577662","https://openalex.org/W3105882417","https://openalex.org/W3112826508","https://openalex.org/W3133683052","https://openalex.org/W3134624922","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3152838014","https://openalex.org/W3154112129","https://openalex.org/W3154596443","https://openalex.org/W3154906049","https://openalex.org/W3157414468","https://openalex.org/W3157506437","https://openalex.org/W3157716083","https://openalex.org/W3158891302","https://openalex.org/W3159619744","https://openalex.org/W3160906981","https://openalex.org/W3161347788","https://openalex.org/W3163513764","https://openalex.org/W3163663634","https://openalex.org/W3164801714","https://openalex.org/W3171434230","https://openalex.org/W3172066753","https://openalex.org/W3172942063","https://openalex.org/W3173565566","https://openalex.org/W3173650575","https://openalex.org/W3176477796","https://openalex.org/W3183371105","https://openalex.org/W3185276638","https://openalex.org/W3194059001","https://openalex.org/W3195577433","https://openalex.org/W3201174429","https://openalex.org/W3203688757","https://openalex.org/W3209986559","https://openalex.org/W3210395416","https://openalex.org/W3211764122","https://openalex.org/W3214340375","https://openalex.org/W3214536449","https://openalex.org/W3214685769","https://openalex.org/W3215626407","https://openalex.org/W3217016897","https://openalex.org/W4206236424","https://openalex.org/W4206905964","https://openalex.org/W4214644404","https://openalex.org/W4220828261","https://openalex.org/W4221005846","https://openalex.org/W4221143046","https://openalex.org/W4224035735","https://openalex.org/W4224313612","https://openalex.org/W4225323055","https://openalex.org/W4225591000","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4229005866","https://openalex.org/W4229377031","https://openalex.org/W4235985836","https://openalex.org/W4281485151","https://openalex.org/W4281689570","https://openalex.org/W4285042349","https://openalex.org/W4286233797","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4289303350","https://openalex.org/W4290571748","https://openalex.org/W4292483811","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4292945941","https://openalex.org/W4294627480","https://openalex.org/W4297670610","https://openalex.org/W4300980489","https://openalex.org/W4307003748","https://openalex.org/W4307085104","https://openalex.org/W4309422402","https://openalex.org/W4309651788","https://openalex.org/W4309651805","https://openalex.org/W4309651995","https://openalex.org/W4311866298","https://openalex.org/W4312091565","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4313160266","https://openalex.org/W4313706055","https://openalex.org/W4318718936","https://openalex.org/W4320831569","https://openalex.org/W4322718191","https://openalex.org/W4322718246","https://openalex.org/W4324299457","https://openalex.org/W4362515116","https://openalex.org/W4365815492","https://openalex.org/W4366850753","https://openalex.org/W4377943492","https://openalex.org/W4379646932","https://openalex.org/W4381587628","https://openalex.org/W4384010587","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385663481","https://openalex.org/W4386076458","https://openalex.org/W4387294423","https://openalex.org/W4387323506","https://openalex.org/W4387460165","https://openalex.org/W4387460511","https://openalex.org/W4388616070","https://openalex.org/W4389471355","https://openalex.org/W4389475424","https://openalex.org/W4389518802","https://openalex.org/W4390100354","https://openalex.org/W4390100389","https://openalex.org/W4390873054","https://openalex.org/W4391583900","https://openalex.org/W4391591279","https://openalex.org/W4392182399","https://openalex.org/W4392438532","https://openalex.org/W6661686568","https://openalex.org/W6697155078","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6740934225","https://openalex.org/W6748130322","https://openalex.org/W6772383348","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6779823529","https://openalex.org/W6795140394","https://openalex.org/W6800751262","https://openalex.org/W6803872405","https://openalex.org/W6810938606","https://openalex.org/W6811340617","https://openalex.org/W6838557027","https://openalex.org/W6850134236","https://openalex.org/W6851578965","https://openalex.org/W6852057504","https://openalex.org/W6860572778","https://openalex.org/W6912494966","https://openalex.org/W6912895990"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2381393187","https://openalex.org/W2332779545","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2358060160","https://openalex.org/W2035483685","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W1969764885","https://openalex.org/W2001405890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"pre-trained":[1],"models,":[2],"also":[3],"known":[4],"as":[5,120],"foundation":[6,53,72],"models":[7,54,73,137,144],"(FMs),":[8],"are":[9],"trained":[10],"in":[11,39,145],"a":[12,23,146,230,259],"task-agnostic":[13,134],"manner":[14],"on":[15,89,110,153,189],"large-scale":[16],"data":[17,162,223,241],"and":[18,41,67,103,126,176,254],"can":[19,139,234],"be":[20],"adapted":[21],"to":[22,51,207,256],"wide":[24],"range":[25],"of":[26,69,81,196,200,212,220,229,239],"downstream":[27],"tasks":[28,91,113,158],"by":[29,85,249],"fine-tuning,":[30],"few-shot,":[31],"or":[32,148],"even":[33],"zero-shot":[34,147],"learning.":[35],"Despite":[36],"their":[37,87],"successes":[38],"language":[40],"vision":[42],"tasks,":[43,156],"we":[44,63,192,225],"have":[45],"not":[46],"yet":[47],"seen":[48],"an":[49,202],"attempt":[50],"develop":[52],"for":[55,74,204,261],"geospatial":[56,94,112,155,213,222,240,243],"artificial":[57],"intelligence":[58],"(GeoAI).":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61,247],"work,":[62],"explore":[64],"the":[65,79,133,197,209,217,227,251],"promises":[66],"challenges":[68,199,219,255],"developing":[70,201,257],"multimodal":[71,210,231],"GeoAI.":[75,262],"We":[76,245],"first":[77],"investigate":[78],"potential":[80],"many":[82],"existing":[83,182],"FMs":[84,183],"testing":[86],"performances":[88],"seven":[90],"across":[92],"multiple":[93,161],"domains,":[95],"including":[96],"Geospatial":[97],"Semantics,":[98],"Health":[99],"Geography,":[100,102],"Urban":[101],"Remote":[104],"Sensing.":[105],"Our":[106],"results":[107],"indicate":[108],"that":[109,114,159,194,233],"several":[111],"only":[115],"involve":[116,160],"text":[117],"modality,":[118,224],"such":[119,258],"toponym":[121],"recognition,":[122,125],"location":[123],"description":[124],"US":[127],"state-level/county-level":[128],"dementia":[129],"time":[130],"series":[131],"forecasting,":[132],"large":[135],"learning":[136,150],"(LLMs)":[138],"outperform":[140],"task-specific":[141,186],"fully":[142],"supervised":[143],"few-shot":[149],"setting.":[151],"However,":[152],"other":[154],"especially":[157],"modalities":[163],"(e.g.,":[164],"POI-based":[165],"urban":[166,172],"function":[167],"classification,":[168,175],"street":[169],"view":[170],"image\u2013based":[171],"noise":[173],"intensity":[174],"remote":[177],"sensing":[178],"image":[179],"scene":[180],"classification),":[181],"still":[184],"underperform":[185],"models.":[187],"Based":[188],"these":[190],"observations,":[191],"propose":[193],"one":[195],"major":[198],"FM":[203,232],"GeoAI":[205],"is":[206],"address":[208],"nature":[211],"tasks.":[214],"After":[215],"discussing":[216,250],"distinct":[218],"each":[221],"suggest":[226],"possibility":[228],"reason":[235],"over":[236],"various":[237],"types":[238],"through":[242],"alignments.":[244],"conclude":[246],"article":[248],"unique":[252],"risks":[253],"model":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
