{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392806484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3652608","title":"Invisible Adversarial Watermarking: A Novel Security Mechanism for Enhancing Copyright Protection","display_name":"Invisible Adversarial Watermarking: A Novel Security Mechanism for Enhancing Copyright Protection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392806484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3652608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3652608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3652608","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3652608","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3652608","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100630403","display_name":"Jinwei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9366-5671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Software, Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9366-5671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software, Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haihua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1695-9505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haihua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1695-9505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiawei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1745-7763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["computer and software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1745-7763","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"computer and software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070440437","display_name":"Hao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-2152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-2152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090509213","display_name":"Xiangyang Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3225-4649"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyang Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3225-4649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100749734","display_name":"Bin Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9030-7393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9030-7393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4022,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92834798,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8572837114334106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8214646577835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.8196381330490112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7934505939483643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6822781562805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6288205981254578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5233283042907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5068243145942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4677099585533142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certification","display_name":"Certification","score":0.4602465033531189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3900158405303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3551192283630371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2556810975074768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.12824201583862305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8572837114334106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8214646577835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.8196381330490112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7934505939483643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6822781562805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6288205981254578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5233283042907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5068243145942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4677099585533142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.4602465033531189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3900158405303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3551192283630371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2556810975074768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12824201583862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3652608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3652608","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3652608","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3652608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3652608","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3652608","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2034971590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302249","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2090778414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371145","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G364581631","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3936245613","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272255","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G406246040","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"214200510019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4899784454","display_name":"\u5f69\u8272\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u8d85\u590d\u6570\u6df1\u5ea6\u53d6\u8bc1\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5370069323","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072250, U23A20305, U23B2022, 62371145, 62072480, 62172435, 62302249, 62272255, 62302248, U20B2065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5706494817","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7142034960","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23B2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7798291704","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172435","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7817342302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23A20305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8773676125","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072480","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392806484.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392806484.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516807289","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2161647295","https://openalex.org/W2339754110","https://openalex.org/W2640329709","https://openalex.org/W2736149641","https://openalex.org/W2774644650","https://openalex.org/W2789667050","https://openalex.org/W2883233582","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963448658","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2982163850","https://openalex.org/W3094821564","https://openalex.org/W3098623295","https://openalex.org/W3138669064","https://openalex.org/W3193750732","https://openalex.org/W3199650009","https://openalex.org/W3214186397","https://openalex.org/W4214540501","https://openalex.org/W4221104163","https://openalex.org/W4224990403","https://openalex.org/W4306767251","https://openalex.org/W4320006295","https://openalex.org/W6726435087","https://openalex.org/W6792127139"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2080353903","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Invisible":[0,88,116],"watermarking":[1],"can":[2,38,137],"be":[3],"used":[4],"as":[5,130,187],"an":[6,107,188],"important":[7],"tool":[8],"for":[9],"copyright":[10,99],"certification":[11,75],"in":[12],"the":[13,17,62,69,83,98,123,134,150,154,161,176],"Metaverse.":[14],"However,":[15],"with":[16],"advent":[18],"of":[19,71,102,125],"deep":[20],"learning,":[21],"Deep":[22],"Neural":[23],"Networks":[24],"(DNNs)":[25],"have":[26],"posed":[27],"new":[28],"threats":[29],"to":[30,47,68,96,113],"this":[31,72],"technique.":[32],"For":[33],"example,":[34],"artificially":[35],"trained":[36],"DNNs":[37,54,147],"perform":[39],"unauthorized":[40,141],"content":[41],"analysis":[42],"and":[43,74,127,144,148,170,175],"achieve":[44],"illegal":[45],"access":[46],"protected":[48,63,177],"images.":[49],"Furthermore,":[50],"some":[51],"specially":[52],"crafted":[53],"may":[55],"even":[56],"erase":[57,145],"invisible":[58],"watermarks":[59,126],"embedded":[60,155],"within":[61],"images,":[64],"which":[65,183],"eventually":[66],"leads":[67],"collapse":[70],"protection":[73,100,190],"mechanism.":[76,191],"To":[77],"address":[78],"these":[79],"issues,":[80],"inspired":[81],"by":[82,152],"adversarial":[84,128],"attack,":[85],"we":[86,105],"introduce":[87],"Adversarial":[89,108,117],"Watermarking":[90,109],"(IAW),":[91],"a":[92,131],"novel":[93],"security":[94],"mechanism":[95],"enhance":[97],"efficacy":[101],"watermarks.":[103],"Specifically,":[104],"design":[106],"Fusion":[110],"Model":[111],"(AWFM)":[112],"efficiently":[114],"generate":[115],"Watermark":[118],"Images":[119],"(IAWIs).":[120],"By":[121],"modeling":[122],"embedding":[124],"perturbations":[129],"unified":[132],"task,":[133],"generated":[135],"IAWIs":[136],"effectively":[138],"defend":[139],"against":[140],"identification,":[142],"access,":[143],"via":[146],"identify":[149],"ownership":[151],"extracting":[153],"watermark.":[156],"Experimental":[157],"results":[158],"show":[159],"that":[160],"proposed":[162],"IAW":[163],"presents":[164],"superior":[165],"extraction":[166],"accuracy,":[167],"attack":[168],"ability,":[169],"robustness":[171],"on":[172],"different":[173],"DNNs,":[174],"images":[178],"maintain":[179],"good":[180],"visual":[181],"quality,":[182],"ensures":[184],"its":[185],"effectiveness":[186],"image":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}