{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401176831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3651890.3672272","title":"The Efficacy of the Connect America Fund in Addressing US Internet Access Inequities","display_name":"The Efficacy of the Connect America Fund in Addressing US Internet Access Inequities","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401176831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3651890.3672272"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3651890.3672272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3651890.3672272","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2024 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3651890.3672272","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033405924","display_name":"Haarika Manda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3042-4923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haarika Manda","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077911965","display_name":"Varshika Srinivasavaradhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8756-688X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varshika Srinivasavaradhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098954240","display_name":"Laasya Koduru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4717-0576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laasya Koduru","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054810806","display_name":"Kevin Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113314100","display_name":"X S Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuanhe Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004803112","display_name":"Udit Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-3423"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Udit Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ookla Inc., New York, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ookla Inc., New York, United States of America","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041600302","display_name":"Elizabeth Belding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2155-6740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Belding","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046100948","display_name":"Arpit Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6378-7440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arpit Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064719452","display_name":"Tejas N. Narechania","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6495-6413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tejas N. Narechania","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033405924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2792,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82461264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"484","last_page":"505"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.611863374710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48644423484802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-access","display_name":"Internet access","score":0.47603750228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3956918716430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3751731514930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.35734236240386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2480822205543518}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.611863374710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48644423484802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472399","display_name":"Internet access","level":3,"score":0.47603750228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3956918716430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3751731514930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.35734236240386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2480822205543518}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3651890.3672272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3651890.3672272","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2024 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4db0w1wf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4db0w1wf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3651890.3672272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3651890.3672272","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2024 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G292543286","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2220417","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W616265588","https://openalex.org/W1599199021","https://openalex.org/W2188990016","https://openalex.org/W3093615021","https://openalex.org/W3099351408","https://openalex.org/W3108545973","https://openalex.org/W3117493756","https://openalex.org/W3134682580","https://openalex.org/W3149603700","https://openalex.org/W4213374949","https://openalex.org/W6786537678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3200010270","https://openalex.org/W2018307271","https://openalex.org/W2060733767","https://openalex.org/W2092548765","https://openalex.org/W2073613332","https://openalex.org/W2478145055","https://openalex.org/W1988173948","https://openalex.org/W2085294052","https://openalex.org/W112798116","https://openalex.org/W2403247204"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Residential":[0],"fixed":[1],"broadband":[2,28,86,193],"internet":[3,35,51],"access":[4,36],"in":[5,30,40],"the":[6,17,20,56,70,149,173],"US":[7],"remains":[8],"inequitable,":[9],"despite":[10],"significant":[11,103,115,137],"taxpayer":[12],"investment.":[13],"This":[14],"paper":[15],"evaluates":[16],"efficacy":[18],"of":[19,58,109,117,131,139],"Connect":[21],"America":[22],"Fund":[23],"(CAF),":[24],"which":[25],"subsidizes":[26],"new":[27],"monopolies":[29],"underserved":[31],"areas":[32],"to":[33,38,66,75,179],"provide":[34],"comparable":[37],"that":[39,80,113,135,145,160],"urban":[41],"regions.":[42],"CAF's":[43],"oversight":[44],"relies":[45],"heavily":[46],"on":[47],"self-reported":[48,60],"data":[49,61],"from":[50,89],"service":[52],"providers":[53],"(ISPs).":[54],"Unfortunately,":[55],"reliability":[57],"this":[59],"has":[62,176],"always":[63],"been":[64],"open":[65],"question.":[67],"We":[68],"use":[69],"broadband-plan":[71],"querying":[72],"tool":[73],"(BQT)":[74],"create":[76],"a":[77,106,114,128,136],"novel":[78],"dataset":[79],"complements":[81],"ISP-reported":[82],"information":[83],"with":[84,105,148,189],"ISP-advertised":[85],"plan":[87],"details":[88],"publicly":[90],"accessible":[91],"websites":[92],"for":[93,154],"537k":[94],"residential":[95],"addresses":[96,118,141,162],"across":[97],"15":[98],"states.":[99],"Our":[100],"analysis":[101],"reveals":[102],"discrepancies,":[104],"serviceability":[107],"rate":[108,130],"only":[110,132],"55.45%,":[111],"indicating":[112,134],"fraction":[116,138],"certified":[119],"as":[120],"served":[121,140],"are":[122,146],"still":[123],"unserved.":[124],"Furthermore,":[125],"we":[126,158],"observe":[127,159],"compliance":[129],"33.03%,":[133],"receive":[142,164],"download":[143,166],"speeds":[144,167],"non-compliant":[147],"FCC's":[150],"10":[151],"Mbps":[152],"threshold":[153],"CAF-served":[155,161],"addresses.":[156],"Although":[157],"occasionally":[163],"higher":[165],"than":[168],"their":[169],"monopoly-served":[170],"neighbors,":[171],"overall,":[172],"CAF":[174],"program":[175],"largely":[177],"failed":[178],"achieve":[180],"its":[181],"intended":[182],"goal,":[183],"leaving":[184],"many":[185],"targeted":[186],"rural":[187],"communities":[188],"inadequate":[190],"or":[191],"no":[192],"connectivity.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
