{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400360935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649921.3659852","title":"Mixed-initiative generation of virtual worlds - a comparative study on the cognitive load of WFC and HSWFC","display_name":"Mixed-initiative generation of virtual worlds - a comparative study on the cognitive load of WFC and HSWFC","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400360935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649921.3659852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649921.3659852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649921.3659852","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649921.3659852","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056149797","display_name":"Shaad Alaka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shaad Alaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2547-1277","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073697092","display_name":"Rafael Bidarra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4281-6019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Bidarra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4281-6019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056149797"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3311,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63435259,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9340000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5609487295150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaverse","display_name":"Metaverse","score":0.48962312936782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.42209330201148987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.33713918924331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.30215317010879517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.26184892654418945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5609487295150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53332860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632041","display_name":"Metaverse","level":3,"score":0.48962312936782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.42209330201148987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.33713918924331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.30215317010879517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26184892654418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649921.3659852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649921.3659852","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649921.3659852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649921.3659852","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074466695","https://openalex.org/W2076817195","https://openalex.org/W2113778448","https://openalex.org/W2623886678","https://openalex.org/W2752727877","https://openalex.org/W2912757641","https://openalex.org/W2972248814","https://openalex.org/W2975753391","https://openalex.org/W3088160408","https://openalex.org/W3127419657","https://openalex.org/W3159355785","https://openalex.org/W3209591651","https://openalex.org/W4287509643","https://openalex.org/W4312804489","https://openalex.org/W4363651356","https://openalex.org/W4387394510","https://openalex.org/W4389315313"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2166821106","https://openalex.org/W4312864667","https://openalex.org/W2616814274","https://openalex.org/W4376853950","https://openalex.org/W4366210097","https://openalex.org/W4366734514","https://openalex.org/W2059650074","https://openalex.org/W4285504728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Procedural":[0],"Content":[1],"Generation":[2],"(PCG)":[3],"has":[4],"long":[5],"been":[6,43],"proposed":[7],"as":[8],"an":[9,121,137,170],"answer":[10],"to":[11,36,100,149,193],"the":[12,24,51,81,91,157,186,194],"increased":[13],"workload":[14],"imposed":[15],"on":[16,62,86,90,161],"designers":[17,73,162],"of":[18,26,30,45,78,89,109],"virtual":[19],"worlds,":[20],"although":[21],"often":[22],"at":[23],"cost":[25],"controllability":[27],"and":[28,39,155],"expression":[29],"designer":[31],"intent.":[32],"Mixed-initiative":[33],"approaches":[34],"promise":[35],"overcome":[37],"this,":[38],"valid":[40],"proposals":[41],"have":[42],"made":[44],"mixed-initiative":[46],"editors,":[47],"e.g.":[48],"driven":[49],"by":[50,104,153],"Wave":[52,95],"Function":[53,96],"Collapse":[54,97],"(WFC)":[55],"algorithm":[56],"[12].":[57],"However,":[58],"stock":[59,166,195],"WFC":[60,196],"operates":[61],"a":[63,146,165,179],"simple":[64],"tileset":[65,108],"without":[66],"any":[67],"hierarchy":[68],"or":[69,169],"semantic":[70,110],"clustering,":[71],"preventing":[72],"from":[74],"fluently":[75],"expressing":[76],"level":[77],"detail,":[79],"leaving":[80],"constraint":[82],"solving":[83],"burden":[84],"partly":[85],"them":[87],"instead":[88],"algorithm.":[92],"Hierarchical":[93],"Semantic":[94],"(HSWFC)":[98],"claims":[99],"solve":[101],"this":[102,151],"problem":[103],"hierarchically":[105],"structuring":[106],"its":[107],"tiles,":[111],"featuring":[112],"meta-tiles":[113],"that":[114,176],"can":[115],"undergo":[116],"intermediate":[117],"collapses":[118],"[2].":[119],"Employing":[120],"HSWFC":[122,187],"interactive":[123],"editor":[124,138,168,188],"offering":[125],"such":[126,136],"features":[127],"may":[128],"significantly":[129],"reduce":[130],"cognitive":[131,158,183],"load":[132,159,184],"and,":[133],"thus,":[134],"make":[135],"more":[139],"appealing":[140],"for":[141],"widespread":[142],"use.":[143],"We":[144],"describe":[145],"user":[147],"study":[148],"test":[150],"hypothesis,":[152],"comparing":[154],"discussing":[156],"assessed":[160],"using":[163],"either":[164],"WFC-driven":[167],"HSWFC-driven":[171],"editor.":[172,197],"Our":[173],"findings":[174],"confirm":[175],"there":[177],"is":[178,189],"significant":[180],"reduction":[181],"in":[182,191],"when":[185],"employed":[190],"comparison":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}