{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399199501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649902.3656354","title":"Towards Invisible Eye Tracking with Lens-Coupled Lateral Photodetectors","display_name":"Towards Invisible Eye Tracking with Lens-Coupled Lateral Photodetectors","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399199501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649902.3656354"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649902.3656354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649902.3656354","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1270044/1/ETRA%20Proceeding%20Final.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048344770","display_name":"Daniele M. Crafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6956-3497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Maria Crafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6956-3497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088202083","display_name":"S. Di Giacomo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6682-8650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susanna Di Giacomo","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6682-8650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063596173","display_name":"Dario Natali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3535-3490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dario Natali","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3535-3490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087959950","display_name":"C. Fiorini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1157-0143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Ettore Fiorini","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1157-0143","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028692100","display_name":"Marco Carminati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3485-4317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Carminati","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3485-4317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1782,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87763396,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodetector","display_name":"Photodetector","score":0.7221840620040894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens","display_name":"Lens (geology)","score":0.6270854473114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5278922319412231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4858686327934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.43036454916000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4203135371208191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4134066104888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.37483158707618713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3568221628665924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.26180875301361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22657516598701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11382749676704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.06952968239784241}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23125352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210765","display_name":"Photodetector","level":2,"score":0.7221840620040894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6270854473114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5278922319412231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4858686327934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.43036454916000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4203135371208191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4134066104888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.37483158707618713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3568221628665924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.26180875301361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22657516598701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11382749676704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.06952968239784241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649902.3656354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649902.3656354","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1270044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1270044","pdf_url":"https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1270044/1/ETRA%20Proceeding%20Final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1270044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1270044","pdf_url":"https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1270044/1/ETRA%20Proceeding%20Final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399199501.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399199501.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034124514","https://openalex.org/W2588091510","https://openalex.org/W2886012710","https://openalex.org/W2895930776","https://openalex.org/W2954639764","https://openalex.org/W3021575660","https://openalex.org/W3091219059","https://openalex.org/W3092039825","https://openalex.org/W4377996726"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371692126","https://openalex.org/W2991406138","https://openalex.org/W2117349001","https://openalex.org/W4280542801","https://openalex.org/W2389601183","https://openalex.org/W2000803821","https://openalex.org/W4318995025","https://openalex.org/W2167843206","https://openalex.org/W2982658926","https://openalex.org/W2158788032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,81,148],"novel":[1],"low-power":[2],"and":[3,75,99,106,198,211],"easy":[4],"to":[5,27,33,57,72,123,142,165,178,190],"integrate":[6],"sensing":[7],"configuration":[8],"for":[9,44,225],"wearable":[10],"eye":[11,185,227],"tracking":[12],"is":[13,134,223],"presented.":[14],"Within":[15],"the":[16,34,45,53,59,62,69,73,79,111,167,180,188,206,215,218],"context":[17],"of":[18,31,37,49,109,113,119,131,151,159,196,217,220],"infrared":[19],"oculography":[20],"based":[21],"on":[22],"individual":[23,139],"photosensors,":[24],"we":[25,102],"proposed":[26],"couple":[28],"a":[29,38,143,171,191],"set":[30],"photodetectors":[32,140],"lateral":[35],"edges":[36],"standard":[39],"lens,":[40],"acting":[41],"as":[42],"waveguide":[43],"IR":[46],"light,":[47],"instead":[48],"directing":[50],"them":[51],"towards":[52],"eyeball.":[54],"This":[55],"allows":[56],"embed":[58],"detectors":[60,152],"in":[61,68,214],"rim,":[63],"thus":[64],"being":[65],"fully":[66],"hidden":[67],"eyewear,":[70],"invisible":[71],"user":[74],"robustly":[76],"integrated":[77],"with":[78,84,136,183],"glasses.":[80],"preliminary":[82],"setup":[83],"four":[85],"photodiodes":[86],"whose":[87],"signals":[88,182],"are":[89],"processed":[90],"by":[91,107],"an":[92,184],"agile":[93],"two-layer":[94],"neural":[95],"network":[96],"was":[97],"realized":[98],"characterized.":[100],"Here":[101],"demonstrate":[103],"both":[104],"experimentally":[105],"means":[108],"simulations":[110,161,175],"feasibility":[112],"this":[114],"patent-pending":[115],"approach.":[116],"Detected":[117],"maps":[118],"light":[120,126],"patterns":[121],"respond":[122],"different":[124],"impinging":[125],"orientations.":[127],"An":[128],"angular":[129,212],"resolution":[130,213],"about":[132],"5\u00b0":[133],"achieved":[135],"only":[137],"4":[138],"coupled":[141],"thick":[144],"rectangular":[145],"glass":[146],"lens.":[147],"larger":[149],"number":[150],"would":[153],"provide":[154],"better":[155],"resolutions.":[156],"The":[157,194],"parameters":[158],"ray-tracing":[160],"were":[162,176],"first":[163],"adjusted":[164],"match":[166],"experimental":[168],"data":[169],"from":[170],"simplified":[172],"geometry.":[173],"Then,":[174],"used":[177],"estimate":[179],"expected":[181],"model,":[186],"paving":[187],"way":[189],"promising":[192],"outlook.":[193],"combination":[195],"hardware":[197],"software":[199],"solutions":[200],"here":[201],"presented":[202],"aims":[203],"at":[204],"addressing":[205],"trade-off":[207],"between":[208],"power":[209],"consumption":[210],"estimation":[216],"direction":[219],"gaze":[221],"which":[222],"crucial":[224],"pervasive":[226],"tracking.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}