{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399202755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649902.3653939","title":"Characterizing Learners' Complex Attentional States During Online Multimedia Learning Using Eye-tracking, Egocentric Camera, Webcam, and Retrospective recalls","display_name":"Characterizing Learners' Complex Attentional States During Online Multimedia Learning Using Eye-tracking, Egocentric Camera, Webcam, and Retrospective recalls","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399202755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649902.3653939","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40166128"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649902.3653939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649902.3653939","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649902.3653939","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001047036","display_name":"Prasanth Chandran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0470-1519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prasanth Chandran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0470-1519","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030008088","display_name":"Yifeng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9027-5963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifeng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9027-5963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053026670","display_name":"Jeremy Munsell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Munsell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Purdue University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3650-1831","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Purdue University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043101451","display_name":"Brian C. Howatt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-4712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Howatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-4712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022665652","display_name":"B. B. Wallace","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1451-8994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brayden Wallace","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1451-8994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064388852","display_name":"L.J. Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6633-6388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lindsey Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6633-6388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008316506","display_name":"Sidney K. D\u2019Mello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-2807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidney D'Mello","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-2807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038957718","display_name":"Minh Hoai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minh Hoai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2415-6048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022476577","display_name":"N. Sanjay Rebello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0194-5017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Sanjay Rebello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Purdue University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0194-5017","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Purdue University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008775054","display_name":"Lester C. Loschky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4678-0666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lester C Loschky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4678-0666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":0.9347000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9297999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.7665983438491821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.6642577052116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6006994843482971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.5871804356575012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5677772164344788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5516406893730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.4580785632133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.4385412037372589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.38353848457336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24798032641410828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.7665983438491821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.6642577052116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6006994843482971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.5871804356575012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5677772164344788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5516406893730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4580785632133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4385412037372589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38353848457336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24798032641410828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649902.3653939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649902.3653939","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:40166128","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40166128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings. Eye Tracking Research & Applications Symposium","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:10771315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11957737","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11957737/pdf/nihms-2068105.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649902.3653939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649902.3653939","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3441892521","display_name":"Measuring and Modeling Visual Attention in Online Multimedia Instruction","funder_award_id":"2055406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4088637217","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P20GM113109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5305121369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P20GM113109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5511103629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2100071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8571915266","display_name":"Measuring and Modeling Visual Attention in Online Multimedia Instruction","funder_award_id":"2100218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G868980634","display_name":"Measuring and Modeling Visual Attention in Online Multimedia Instruction","funder_award_id":"2100071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G942638085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P20 GM113109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102303977","https://openalex.org/W1538622809","https://openalex.org/W2020795615","https://openalex.org/W2071241117","https://openalex.org/W2073617814","https://openalex.org/W2110706322","https://openalex.org/W2130104248","https://openalex.org/W2135840784","https://openalex.org/W2149036282","https://openalex.org/W2149260285","https://openalex.org/W2173798076","https://openalex.org/W2199897356","https://openalex.org/W2258425634","https://openalex.org/W2277340224","https://openalex.org/W2635926651","https://openalex.org/W2761545685","https://openalex.org/W2809783006","https://openalex.org/W2916868926","https://openalex.org/W2947760526","https://openalex.org/W2995682556","https://openalex.org/W3003515085","https://openalex.org/W3046735803","https://openalex.org/W3093192405","https://openalex.org/W4290829634","https://openalex.org/W4292794057","https://openalex.org/W4381114105","https://openalex.org/W4387084105"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W4405331580","https://openalex.org/W4311804456","https://openalex.org/W1987484445","https://openalex.org/W2623658258","https://openalex.org/W2143413548","https://openalex.org/W1969219540","https://openalex.org/W2370459448"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"online":[1],"learning":[2,33,129],"becomes":[3],"increasingly":[4],"ubiquitous,":[5],"a":[6,65,67,75,91],"key":[7],"challenge":[8],"is":[9,141],"maintaining":[10],"learners'":[11,85],"sustained":[12],"attention.":[13],"Using":[14],"eye-tracking,":[15],"together":[16],"with":[17,61],"observing":[18],"and":[19,35,70,110,113],"interviewing":[20],"learners,":[21],"we":[22,58],"can":[23],"characterize":[24],"both":[25],"1)":[26,99],"whether":[27,37],"they":[28,38,89],"are":[29,39],"looking":[30],"at":[31],"their":[32],"materials,":[34],"2)":[36,114],"thinking":[40],"about":[41],"them.":[42],"Critically,":[43],"eye-tracking":[44,60,140],"only":[45],"speaks":[46],"to":[47,73,103,130],"the":[48,52,105],"first":[49],"distinction,":[50],"not":[51,144],"second.":[53],"To":[54],"overcome":[55],"this":[56,132],"limitation,":[57],"supplemented":[59],"an":[62],"egocentric":[63],"camera,":[64],"webcam,":[66],"retrospective":[68],"recall,":[69],"mind-wandering":[71],"probes":[72],"capture":[74],"2\u00d72":[76,133],"matrix":[77],"of":[78,135],"attentional/cognitive":[79,86,108],"states.":[80],"We":[81],"then":[82],"categorized":[83],"N=101":[84],"states":[87,109],"while":[88],"completed":[90],"multimedia":[92],"physics":[93],"module.":[94],"This":[95],"meets":[96],"two":[97],"goals:":[98],"allowing":[100],"basic":[101],"research":[102,117],"understand":[104],"relationship":[106],"between":[107],"behavioral":[111],"outcomes;":[112],"facilitating":[115],"applied":[116],"by":[118],"generating":[119],"rich":[120],"ground":[121],"truth":[122],"for":[123,138],"future":[124],"use":[125],"in":[126],"training":[127],"machine":[128],"categorize":[131],"set":[134],"attentional":[136],"states,":[137],"which":[139],"necessary,":[142],"but":[143],"sufficient.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}