{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396214211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649833","title":"Forge: A Tool and Language for Teaching Formal Methods","display_name":"Forge: A Tool and Language for Teaching Formal Methods","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396214211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649833"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649833","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079753562","display_name":"Tim Nelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9377-9943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Nelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9377-9943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002785598","display_name":"Ben Greenman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7078-9287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Greenman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7078-9287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003388545","display_name":"Siddhartha Prasad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7936-8147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddhartha Prasad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7936-8147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053769344","display_name":"Tristan Dyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9730-9319"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tristan Dyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stashpad, Raleigh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9730-9319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stashpad, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095926275","display_name":"Ethan Bove","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9484-8745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Bove","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9484-8745","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007672690","display_name":"Q. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6742-4089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianfan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6742-4089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095926276","display_name":"Charles Cutting","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2528-7645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Cutting","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2528-7645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047418712","display_name":"Thomas J. Vecchio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Del Vecchio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1472-0045","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084466916","display_name":"S. Joseph Levine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9931-5594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidney LeVine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9931-5594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095926273","display_name":"Julianne Rudner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5452-7098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julianne Rudner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5452-7098","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095926274","display_name":"Ben Ryjikov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1329-3858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Ryjikov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1329-3858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070874658","display_name":"A. Kib\u00e9di Varga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8611-6444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Varga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8611-6444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007268028","display_name":"Andrew Wagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9434-0780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Wagner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9434-0780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056420420","display_name":"Luke West","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9005-7513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke West","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9005-7513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024394821","display_name":"Shriram Krishnamurthi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5184-1975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shriram Krishnamurthi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5184-1975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5583,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90231628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"OOPSLA1","first_page":"613","last_page":"641"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forge","display_name":"Forge","score":0.6420987844467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5292555689811707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.5199524164199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5068615078926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.45969003438949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.34835976362228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.178209125995636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1762717366218567}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778157309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40558","display_name":"Forge","level":3,"score":0.6420987844467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5292555689811707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5199524164199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5068615078926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.45969003438949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.34835976362228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.178209125995636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1762717366218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96494537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193057","display_name":"Forging","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480198727","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1600374289","https://openalex.org/W1787074469","https://openalex.org/W1856713069","https://openalex.org/W1930200668","https://openalex.org/W1974503980","https://openalex.org/W2015077407","https://openalex.org/W2016839846","https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2053585885","https://openalex.org/W2057156093","https://openalex.org/W2058263387","https://openalex.org/W2060440626","https://openalex.org/W2072112548","https://openalex.org/W2110712507","https://openalex.org/W2112447468","https://openalex.org/W2130427425","https://openalex.org/W2145108549","https://openalex.org/W2219864925","https://openalex.org/W2249437077","https://openalex.org/W2525665404","https://openalex.org/W2544274814","https://openalex.org/W2607631107","https://openalex.org/W2613934362","https://openalex.org/W2740310865","https://openalex.org/W2787976344","https://openalex.org/W2794467911","https://openalex.org/W2806592451","https://openalex.org/W2886585694","https://openalex.org/W2888243497","https://openalex.org/W2898103424","https://openalex.org/W2912734520","https://openalex.org/W2952559745","https://openalex.org/W2969374400","https://openalex.org/W2996492267","https://openalex.org/W3098776202","https://openalex.org/W3104969637","https://openalex.org/W3109289644","https://openalex.org/W3149378982","https://openalex.org/W3165740410","https://openalex.org/W3216915523","https://openalex.org/W4205786399","https://openalex.org/W4242126179","https://openalex.org/W4243436994","https://openalex.org/W4245319257","https://openalex.org/W4250846042","https://openalex.org/W4295308793","https://openalex.org/W4296517586","https://openalex.org/W4376622437","https://openalex.org/W4388212549","https://openalex.org/W6911243911","https://openalex.org/W6942002840"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3082260990","https://openalex.org/W4235390493","https://openalex.org/W3082257153","https://openalex.org/W2620273008","https://openalex.org/W3200085936","https://openalex.org/W4318813981","https://openalex.org/W3047811247","https://openalex.org/W4237762727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,19,48,52,71,89,105,114],"design":[4,118],"of":[5,36,51,67,85,91,100,119,122,134],"Forge":[6,15,55,63,81,96],",":[7],"a":[8,34,65,98,127],"tool":[9],"for":[10,116],"teaching":[11,38],"formal":[12,110],"methods":[13],"gradually.":[14],"is":[16],"based":[17,30,130],"on":[18,31,47,131],"widely-used":[20],"Alloy":[21,39],"language":[22],"and":[23,117,124],"analysis":[24],"tool,":[25],"but":[26],"contains":[27],"numerous":[28],"improvements":[29],"more":[32],"than":[33],"decade":[35],"experience":[37,73],"to":[40,59,103,109],"students.":[41],"Although":[42],"our":[43],"focus":[44],"has":[45],"been":[46],"classroom,":[49],"many":[50],"ideas":[53],"in":[54,61,78],"likely":[56],"also":[57],"apply":[58],"training":[60],"industry.":[62],"offers":[64],"progression":[66],"languages":[68],"that":[69],"improve":[70],"learning":[72],"by":[74],"only":[75],"gradually":[76],"increasing":[77],"expressive":[79],"power.":[80],"supports":[82],"custom":[83],"visualization":[84],"its":[86],"outputs,":[87],"enabling":[88],"use":[90],"widely-understood":[92],"domain-specific":[93],"representations.":[94],"Finally,":[95],"provides":[97],"variety":[99],"testing":[101],"features":[102],"ease":[104],"transition":[106],"from":[107],"programming":[108],"modeling.":[111],"We":[112],"present":[113],"motivation":[115],"these":[120],"aspects":[121],"Forge,":[123],"then":[125],"provide":[126],"substantial":[128],"evaluation":[129],"multiple":[132],"years":[133],"classroom":[135],"use.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}