{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396214516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649829","title":"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Deep Learning Models for Foundational Program Analysis Tasks","display_name":"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Deep Learning Models for Foundational Program Analysis Tasks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396214516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649829","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649829","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3649829","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3649829","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072491223","display_name":"Qian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0312-0571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0312-0571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087429163","display_name":"Chenyang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9194-0656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9194-0656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111183990","display_name":"Ruyan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7233-9272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruyan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7233-9272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035871486","display_name":"C. Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2848-6108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2848-6108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701610","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7216-6929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7216-6929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001578135","display_name":"Ke Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0844-5023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148469","display_name":"Visa (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1y0b59","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visa Research, Palo Alto, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0844-5023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visa Research, Palo Alto, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043441209","display_name":"Ting Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-9796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-9796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090305216","display_name":"Linzhang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4794-1652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linzhang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4794-1652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9187,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88229212,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"OOPSLA1","first_page":"500","last_page":"528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.529260516166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.45018282532691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43702933192253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.34207022190093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3313227891921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3240599036216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.32106491923332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1337311565876007}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.529260516166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.45018282532691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43702933192253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.34207022190093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3313227891921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3240599036216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.32106491923332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1337311565876007}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649829","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649829","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3649829","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649829","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649829","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3649829","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396214516.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100599422","https://openalex.org/W569478347","https://openalex.org/W1614825945","https://openalex.org/W1856462361","https://openalex.org/W1966032455","https://openalex.org/W1970641027","https://openalex.org/W1971782746","https://openalex.org/W1973828066","https://openalex.org/W1990053053","https://openalex.org/W2036503118","https://openalex.org/W2040856861","https://openalex.org/W2065053490","https://openalex.org/W2067871120","https://openalex.org/W2101832700","https://openalex.org/W2110388931","https://openalex.org/W2126823808","https://openalex.org/W2128782367","https://openalex.org/W2133497528","https://openalex.org/W2134311998","https://openalex.org/W2136099030","https://openalex.org/W2138756793","https://openalex.org/W2144344516","https://openalex.org/W2149674423","https://openalex.org/W2152397470","https://openalex.org/W2154847114","https://openalex.org/W2169304846","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2282866165","https://openalex.org/W2294628582","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2604766223","https://openalex.org/W2623757933","https://openalex.org/W2626356917","https://openalex.org/W2771024256","https://openalex.org/W2787928226","https://openalex.org/W2794744252","https://openalex.org/W2799226481","https://openalex.org/W2810373436","https://openalex.org/W2907705732","https://openalex.org/W2914074464","https://openalex.org/W2947477827","https://openalex.org/W2950635152","https://openalex.org/W2954725723","https://openalex.org/W2963499994","https://openalex.org/W2964150020","https://openalex.org/W2997402966","https://openalex.org/W3005552578","https://openalex.org/W3008088841","https://openalex.org/W3033597692","https://openalex.org/W3033775865","https://openalex.org/W3098557859","https://openalex.org/W3107418514","https://openalex.org/W3120378074","https://openalex.org/W3160804878","https://openalex.org/W3192256856","https://openalex.org/W4200533183","https://openalex.org/W4221157342","https://openalex.org/W4246166885","https://openalex.org/W4254751698","https://openalex.org/W4287824654","https://openalex.org/W4295725036","https://openalex.org/W4301168982","https://openalex.org/W4307926351","https://openalex.org/W4367277148","https://openalex.org/W4384345648","https://openalex.org/W4394638297","https://openalex.org/W4394664141"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3188962172","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W4306742369","https://openalex.org/W4303457083","https://openalex.org/W2131146434","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W4376623224","https://openalex.org/W3136979370","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"deep":[1,165],"neural":[2],"networks":[3],"provide":[4],"state-of-the-art":[5],"solutions":[6],"to":[7],"a":[8,96,150],"wide":[9],"range":[10],"of":[11,40,91,103,136,154,157,171],"programming":[12],"language":[13],"tasks,":[14,130,162],"their":[15,183],"effectiveness":[16],"in":[17,49,57,76,127,140,160,175,180],"dealing":[18],"with":[19,133],"foundational":[20,52,173],"program":[21,176],"analysis":[22,153,177],"tasks":[23,174],"remains":[24],"under":[25],"explored.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28,92],"paper,":[29],"we":[30],"present":[31],"an":[32,134],"empirical":[33],"study":[34,93],"that":[35,122,164],"evaluates":[36],"four":[37],"prominent":[38],"models":[39,59,78,124,159,167],"code":[41,102,189],"(i.e.,":[42],"CuBERT,":[43],"CodeBERT,":[44],"GGNN,":[45],"and":[46,72,112,138,143,190],"Graph":[47],"Sandwiches)":[48],"two":[50,62,83,117],"such":[51],"tasks:":[53],"(1)":[54],"alias":[55,67,141],"prediction,":[56,75,145],"which":[58,77],"predict":[60,79],"whether":[61,80],"pointers":[63],"must":[64,69],"alias,":[65],"may":[66],"or":[68,81],"not":[70,82],"alias;":[71],"(2)":[73],"equivalence":[74,144],"programs":[84],"are":[85,125,168,185,193],"semantically":[86],"equivalent.":[87],"At":[88],"the":[89,100,116,155],"core":[90],"is":[94],"CodeSem,":[95],"dataset":[97],"built":[98],"upon":[99],"source":[101],"real-world":[104],"flagship":[105],"software":[106],"(e.g.,":[107],"Linux":[108],"Kernel,":[109],"GCC,":[110],"MySQL)":[111],"manually":[113],"validated":[114],"for":[115],"prediction":[118,129,142],"tasks.":[119],"Results":[120],"show":[121],"all":[123,158],"accurate":[126],"both":[128,161],"especially":[131],"CuBERT":[132],"accuracy":[135],"89%":[137],"84%":[139],"respectively.":[146],"We":[147],"also":[148,186],"conduct":[149],"comprehensive,":[151],"in-depth":[152],"results":[156],"concluding":[163],"learning":[166],"generally":[169],"capable":[170],"performing":[172],"even":[178],"though":[179],"specific":[181],"cases":[182],"weaknesses":[184],"evident.":[187],"Our":[188],"evaluation":[191],"data":[192],"publicly":[194],"available":[195],"at":[196],"https://github.com/CodeSemDataset/CodeSem.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}