{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392473011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649464","title":"Performance Evaluation of Spintronic-Based Spiking Neural Networks using Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation","display_name":"Performance Evaluation of Spintronic-Based Spiking Neural Networks using Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392473011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649464","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3649464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38703467","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation","issn_l":"1049-3301","issn":["1049-3301","1558-1195"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3649464","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074078780","display_name":"Elkin Cruz-Camacho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3102-3187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elkin Cruz-Camacho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028696491","display_name":"Siyuan Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7562-3689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080508786","display_name":"Ankit Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-7979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankit Shukla","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089195359","display_name":"Neil McGlohon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8304-4911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil McGlohon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041129182","display_name":"Shaloo Rakheja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7501-275X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaloo Rakheja","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Christopher Carothers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8862-9844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Carothers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074078780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6161,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65379181,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.9623680114746094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7357603311538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6292521357536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spintronics","display_name":"Spintronics","score":0.6169576644897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4367285668849945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.41301074624061584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.37258145213127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.34426259994506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.2554885745048523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22891396284103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11579599976539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10859116911888123}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.9623680114746094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7357603311538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6292521357536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207999682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258659","display_name":"Spintronics","level":3,"score":0.6169576644897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4367285668849945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.41301074624061584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.37258145213127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.34426259994506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2554885745048523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22891396284103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11579599976539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10859116911888123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82217956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184207","display_name":"Ferromagnetism","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649464","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3649464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38703467","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation","issn_l":"1049-3301","issn":["1049-3301","1558-1195"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3649464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3649464","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3649464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38703467","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation","issn_l":"1049-3301","issn":["1049-3301","1558-1195"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G498241506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-21-1-1010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309500","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392473011.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392473011.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569565536","https://openalex.org/W588675220","https://openalex.org/W1550179131","https://openalex.org/W1971213017","https://openalex.org/W1974020230","https://openalex.org/W1976533090","https://openalex.org/W2017710077","https://openalex.org/W2018027127","https://openalex.org/W2039282526","https://openalex.org/W2040429262","https://openalex.org/W2043679829","https://openalex.org/W2043809054","https://openalex.org/W2060956313","https://openalex.org/W2088219312","https://openalex.org/W2089867526","https://openalex.org/W2104000720","https://openalex.org/W2114956584","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2140886546","https://openalex.org/W2140973798","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2154439184","https://openalex.org/W2155174396","https://openalex.org/W2158882647","https://openalex.org/W2163630896","https://openalex.org/W2188723877","https://openalex.org/W2190212978","https://openalex.org/W2296199700","https://openalex.org/W2296636214","https://openalex.org/W2319519511","https://openalex.org/W2388062505","https://openalex.org/W2540176697","https://openalex.org/W2558350234","https://openalex.org/W2560449427","https://openalex.org/W2584998015","https://openalex.org/W2612701173","https://openalex.org/W2620342231","https://openalex.org/W2739588406","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2778935320","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2792237805","https://openalex.org/W2892022932","https://openalex.org/W2896285731","https://openalex.org/W2901992505","https://openalex.org/W2913990977","https://openalex.org/W2914976964","https://openalex.org/W2962798565","https://openalex.org/W2979963076","https://openalex.org/W2991162359","https://openalex.org/W3010394536","https://openalex.org/W3016353439","https://openalex.org/W3046016807","https://openalex.org/W3081635055","https://openalex.org/W3098917398","https://openalex.org/W3116661430","https://openalex.org/W3128525315","https://openalex.org/W3156697402","https://openalex.org/W3157951688","https://openalex.org/W3160640957","https://openalex.org/W3166694739","https://openalex.org/W3209704397","https://openalex.org/W4200634117","https://openalex.org/W4210956562","https://openalex.org/W4238614602","https://openalex.org/W4245316435","https://openalex.org/W4281646327","https://openalex.org/W4283362147","https://openalex.org/W4376549199","https://openalex.org/W4379415429","https://openalex.org/W6794626538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3089892344","https://openalex.org/W4386227293","https://openalex.org/W4313442939","https://openalex.org/W4372267706","https://openalex.org/W2885510266","https://openalex.org/W4288055417","https://openalex.org/W2960220682","https://openalex.org/W4205804651","https://openalex.org/W4287758233","https://openalex.org/W3136467750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spintronic":[0],"devices":[1],"that":[2,116,169,176],"use":[3],"the":[4,9,14,39,53,90,121,126,131,145,155,204,232],"spin":[5],"of":[6,41,55,94,157,164,213,221],"electrons":[7],"as":[8],"information":[10],"state":[11],"variable":[12],"have":[13],"potential":[15],"to":[16,85,144,153,198,225,240],"emulate":[17],"neuro-synaptic":[18],"dynamics":[19],"and":[20,92,98,111,134],"can":[21,138],"be":[22,139,226],"realized":[23],"within":[24],"a":[25,42,64,76,189,199,211,237],"compact":[26],"form-factor,":[27],"while":[28],"operating":[29],"at":[30],"ultra-low":[31],"energy-delay":[32],"point.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"we":[37,62,114,149],"benchmark":[38],"performance":[40,122],"spintronics":[43,106],"hardware":[44,57,107],"platform":[45],"designed":[46],"for":[47,117,210],"handling":[48],"neuromorphic":[49,60,96,119,158],"tasks.":[50],"To":[51],"explore":[52],"benefits":[54],"spintronics-based":[56,95,132],"on":[58,89,188],"realistic":[59],"workloads,":[61],"developed":[63],"Parallel":[65],"Discrete-Event":[66],"Simulation":[67],"model":[68],"called":[69],"Doryta,":[70],"which":[71],"is":[72,123,171],"further":[73],"integrated":[74],"with":[75],"materials-to-systems":[77],"benchmarking":[78,81],"framework.":[79],"The":[80,218],"framework":[82],"allows":[83],"us":[84],"obtain":[86],"quantitative":[87],"metrics":[88],"throughput":[91],"energy":[93,110],"computing":[97,159],"compare":[99],"these":[100],"against":[101],"standard":[102],"CMOS-based":[103],"approaches.":[104],"Although":[105],"offers":[108],"significant":[109],"latency":[112],"advantages,":[113],"find":[115],"larger":[118],"circuits,":[120],"limited":[124],"by":[125,141,160],"interconnection":[127],"networks":[128],"rather":[129],"than":[130,231],"neurons":[133],"synapses.":[135],"This":[136],"limitation":[137],"overcome":[140],"architectural":[142],"changes":[143],"network.":[146],"Through":[147],"Doryta":[148,177],"are":[150],"also":[151],"able":[152],"show":[154,175],"power":[156],"simulating":[161],"Conway\u2019s":[162],"Game":[163],"Life":[165],"(GoL),":[166],"thus":[167],"showing":[168],"it":[170],"Turing":[172],"complete.":[173],"We":[174],"obtains":[178],"over":[179],"300\u00d7":[180],"speedup":[181],"using":[182],"1,024":[183],"CPU":[184],"cores":[185],"when":[186,236],"tested":[187],"convolutional,":[190],"sparse,":[191],"neural":[192],"architecture.":[193],"When":[194],"scaled-up":[195],"64":[196],"times,":[197],"200":[200],"million":[201],"neuron":[202],"model,":[203],"simulation":[205],"ran":[206],"in":[207,228],"3:42":[208],"minutes":[209],"total":[212],"2,000":[214],"virtual":[215],"clock":[216],"steps.":[217],"conservative":[219],"approach":[220],"execution":[222],"was":[223,244],"found":[224],"faster":[227],"most":[229],"cases":[230],"optimistic":[233],"approach,":[234],"even":[235],"tie-breaking":[238],"mechanism":[239],"guarantee":[241],"deterministic":[242],"execution,":[243],"deactivated.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}