{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399631976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643916.3644436","title":"Tuning Code Smell Prediction Models: A Replication Study","display_name":"Tuning Code Smell Prediction Models: A Replication Study","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399631976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643916.3644436"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3643916.3644436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643916.3644436","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3643916.3644436","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Program Comprehension","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3643916.3644436","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031330053","display_name":"Henrique Gomes Nunes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0982-3014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110200422","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/0176yjw32","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110200422"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrique Gomes Nunes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0982-3014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110200422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036704079","display_name":"Amanda Santana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1969-3460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110200422","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/0176yjw32","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110200422"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanda Santana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1969-3460","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110200422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034625297","display_name":"Eduardo Figueiredo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6004-2718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110200422","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/0176yjw32","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110200422"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Figueiredo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6004-2718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110200422"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102963160","display_name":"Heitor Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9903-7414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1315085146","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Lavras","ror":"https://ror.org/0122bmm03","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315085146"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heitor Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9903-7414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1315085146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"316","last_page":"327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9656000137329102,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8111714124679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6694502830505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replicate","display_name":"Replicate","score":0.645780086517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6326525807380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resampling","display_name":"Resampling","score":0.6206615567207336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6205551624298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replication","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","score":0.5598176717758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.549994707107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5465337038040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-smell","display_name":"Code smell","score":0.5312333703041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5036925673484802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.44908684492111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.4390656352043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3391020596027374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.189211905002594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.14327043294906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.12539005279541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12352454662322998}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8111714124679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6694502830505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.645780086517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6326525807380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150921843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1170431","display_name":"Resampling","level":2,"score":0.6206615567207336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6205551624298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5598176717758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.549994707107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5465337038040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133237599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295111","display_name":"Code smell","level":5,"score":0.5312333703041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5036925673484802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.44908684492111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4390656352043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3391020596027374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.189211905002594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.14327043294906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.12539005279541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12352454662322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3643916.3644436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643916.3644436","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3643916.3644436","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Program Comprehension","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3643916.3644436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643916.3644436","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3643916.3644436","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Program Comprehension","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322980","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/00nc55f03"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399631976.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399631976.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1924689489","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1967261732","https://openalex.org/W1968074466","https://openalex.org/W1970210446","https://openalex.org/W1980057827","https://openalex.org/W1987922655","https://openalex.org/W1995887163","https://openalex.org/W2068321882","https://openalex.org/W2069202293","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2137659640","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2139074146","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2164566712","https://openalex.org/W2290314319","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2338318698","https://openalex.org/W2402478911","https://openalex.org/W2780783514","https://openalex.org/W2890432166","https://openalex.org/W2896744621","https://openalex.org/W2900538539","https://openalex.org/W2954343958","https://openalex.org/W2968919339","https://openalex.org/W2968997739","https://openalex.org/W3020617474","https://openalex.org/W3088620338","https://openalex.org/W3104802707","https://openalex.org/W3105133011","https://openalex.org/W3195540850","https://openalex.org/W3205028703","https://openalex.org/W4229772528","https://openalex.org/W4297957988","https://openalex.org/W4298156561","https://openalex.org/W4309769562","https://openalex.org/W4360982447","https://openalex.org/W4384345638","https://openalex.org/W4387721515"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4254851101","https://openalex.org/W3171007296","https://openalex.org/W22115721","https://openalex.org/W2040868562","https://openalex.org/W2053915529","https://openalex.org/W2111659373","https://openalex.org/W4398395683","https://openalex.org/W4398298289","https://openalex.org/W4398690544","https://openalex.org/W4389072174"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Identifying":[0],"code":[1,31,76,231],"smells":[2,32],"in":[3,137],"projects":[4],"is":[5,11,33,135],"a":[6,13,100,118,131,173,214],"non-trivial":[7],"task,":[8],"and":[9,57,60,71,94,160,181,201,237],"it":[10],"often":[12],"subjective":[14],"activity":[15],"since":[16],"developers":[17],"have":[18],"different":[19,68,119],"understandings":[20],"about":[21],"them.":[22],"The":[23,209],"use":[24,66,185],"of":[25,63,67,122,149,175,186],"machine":[26],"learning":[27],"techniques":[28,73,188,206],"to":[29,109,228],"predict":[30],"gaining":[34],"attention.":[35],"In":[36,141],"this":[37],"replication":[38],"study,":[39],"our":[40],"goals":[41],"are:":[42,166],"(i)":[43],"verify":[44],"if":[45],"previous":[46,101],"model's":[47,79],"performance":[48,108,148],"maintain":[49],"when":[50],"we":[51,84,145,224],"extract":[52],"data":[53],"from":[54],"updated":[55],"systems;":[56],"(ii)":[58],"explore":[59],"provide":[61],"evidences":[62],"how":[64],"the":[65,106,111,138,142,147,150,184,204,218],"feature":[69,210],"engineering":[70],"resampling":[72],"can":[74],"enhance":[75],"smell":[77,116],"prediction":[78],"performance.":[80],"For":[81,192,222],"these":[82],"purposes,":[83],"evaluate":[85],"four":[86],"smells:":[87],"God":[88,179],"Class,":[89],"Refused":[90,199],"Bequest,":[91],"Feature":[92,202,238],"Envy":[93],"Long":[95,182,235],"Method.":[96],"We":[97],"first":[98,127],"replicate":[99],"study":[102],"that":[103,134],"focus":[104],"on":[105,217],"algorithm's":[107],"identify":[110],"best":[112],"models":[113,155],"for":[114,167],"each":[115],"using":[117],"dataset":[120],"composed":[121],"30":[123],"Java":[124],"systems.":[125],"This":[126],"experiment":[128],"provides":[129],"us":[130],"baseline":[132,151],"model":[133,152],"used":[136],"second":[139,143],"experiment.":[140],"experiment,":[144],"compare":[146],"with":[153,157,169,194],"other":[154],"tuned":[156],"polynomial":[158],"features":[159,227],"resample":[161],"techniques.":[162],"Our":[163],"main":[164],"results":[165],"datasets":[168,193],"imbalances":[170],"lower":[171],"than":[172],"ratio":[174],"1:100,":[176],"such":[177,233],"as":[178,234],"Class":[180],"Method,":[183],"oversample":[187],"yielded":[189],"better":[190],"results.":[191],"more":[195],"severe":[196],"imbalance,":[197],"like":[198],"Bequest":[200],"Envy,":[203],"undersample":[205],"performed":[207],"better.":[208],"selection":[211],"technique,":[212],"despite":[213],"minor":[215],"impact":[216],"results,":[219],"provided":[220],"insights.":[221],"instance,":[223],"need":[225],"new":[226],"represent":[229],"some":[230],"smells,":[232],"Method":[236],"Envy.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
