{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399631476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643916.3644426","title":"The Sword of Damocles: Upgradeable Smart Contract in Ethereum","display_name":"The Sword of Damocles: Upgradeable Smart Contract in Ethereum","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399631476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643916.3644426"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3643916.3644426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643916.3644426","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3643916.3644426","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Program Comprehension","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3643916.3644426","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101812436","display_name":"Yuan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9548-0208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9548-0208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102760378","display_name":"Xiaoyuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0465-5171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0465-5171","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002641331","display_name":"Quanqi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7527-466X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanqi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7527-466X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049465402","display_name":"Z. Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6793-4324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziang Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6793-4324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101601497","display_name":"Xiangping Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8234-3186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangping Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8234-3186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021069959","display_name":"Mingdong Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6010-2955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186272606","display_name":"Guangdong University of Foreign Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/00fhc9y79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186272606"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingdong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6010-2955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186272606"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000582109","display_name":"Zibin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-4330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zibin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-4330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"333","last_page":"345"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9674000144004822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upgrade","display_name":"Upgrade","score":0.7702953815460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bytecode","display_name":"Bytecode","score":0.7200202345848083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6619083881378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.5110799074172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4733961820602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.4420679211616516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3324778079986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.30207353830337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.21848207712173462}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q920419","display_name":"Upgrade","level":2,"score":0.7702953815460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779818221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837330","display_name":"Bytecode","level":3,"score":0.7200202345848083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6619083881378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5110799074172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4733961820602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.4420679211616516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3324778079986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.30207353830337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.21848207712173462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3643916.3644426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643916.3644426","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3643916.3644426","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Program Comprehension","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3643916.3644426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643916.3644426","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3643916.3644426","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Program Comprehension","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1247490108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515010746","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399631476.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2246134316","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2789063661","https://openalex.org/W2790202156","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2806273928","https://openalex.org/W2955394441","https://openalex.org/W3016124762","https://openalex.org/W3022662270","https://openalex.org/W3041037634","https://openalex.org/W3046805850","https://openalex.org/W3083747012","https://openalex.org/W3129830838","https://openalex.org/W3152617045","https://openalex.org/W3155511142","https://openalex.org/W3162904859","https://openalex.org/W3176636969","https://openalex.org/W4207066313","https://openalex.org/W4212832141","https://openalex.org/W4386715803"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2808452017","https://openalex.org/W3176636969","https://openalex.org/W4286331375","https://openalex.org/W4287163518","https://openalex.org/W4322765894","https://openalex.org/W4255703437","https://openalex.org/W2778144710","https://openalex.org/W3114041051","https://openalex.org/W3095721059","https://openalex.org/W3083193744"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"smart":[1,175],"contracts":[2,114,146,160],"are":[3,7,25,165],"immutable":[4],"once":[5],"they":[6,13],"deployed,":[8],"the":[9,37,41,64,67,88,108,113,116,129,140,144,149,159,172],"reality":[10],"is":[11],"that":[12,44,156],"need":[14],"upgrades":[15,177],"to":[16,111,138,148],"fix":[17],"bugs":[18],"or":[19],"add":[20],"new":[21],"features.":[22],"Nowadays,":[23],"there":[24],"a":[26,93,103],"few":[27],"upgrade":[28,49,79],"methods":[29],"in":[30,56,115],"Ethereum,":[31],"some":[32],"of":[33,66,77,121,158],"which":[34,101],"can":[35],"change":[36,63],"contract":[38,42,68,176],"without":[39],"changing":[40],"address":[43],"users":[45,71],"interact":[46],"with.":[47],"This":[48],"way":[50,164],"increases":[51],"potential":[52],"danger":[53],"and":[54,69,84,123,142,151,178],"results":[55],"users'":[57],"distrust,":[58],"because":[59],"it":[60],"may":[61],"secretly":[62],"function":[65],"cause":[70],"financial":[72],"loss.":[73],"We":[74,106,154],"examine":[75],"two":[76],"these":[78,98],"methods,":[80],"i.e.,":[81],"proxy":[82,89],"pattern":[83],"metamorphic":[85,130,145],"contract.":[86],"For":[87,128],"pattern,":[90],"we":[91,132,170],"propose":[92],"bytecode-based":[94,109],"method":[95,110],"for":[96,174],"detecting":[97],"upgradeable":[99,126],"contracts,":[100,131],"achieves":[102],"99.37%":[104],"F1-score.":[105],"use":[107],"detect":[112],"first":[117],"12":[118],"million":[119],"blocks":[120],"Ethereum":[122,135],"find":[124,143,155],"126,500":[125],"contracts.":[127],"employ":[133],"an":[134],"replay":[136,139],"tool":[137],"transactions":[141],"according":[147],"SELFDESTRUCT":[150],"CREATE2":[152],"instructions.":[153],"64.3%":[157],"upgraded":[161],"using":[162],"this":[163],"malicious":[166],"MEV":[167],"bots.":[168],"Finally,":[169],"summarize":[171],"reasons":[173],"make":[179],"development":[180],"recommendations.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
