{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400583053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643768","title":"How Does Simulation-Based Testing for Self-Driving Cars Match Human Perception?","display_name":"How Does Simulation-Based Testing for Self-Driving Cars Match Human Perception?","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400583053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643768"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3643768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643768","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015451894","display_name":"Christian Birchler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-0276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christian Birchler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland","Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland","Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland / University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-0276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland / University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495","https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093817135","display_name":"Tanzil Kombarabettu Mohammed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1536-4327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanzil Kombarabettu Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1536-4327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003053761","display_name":"Pooja Rani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pooja Rani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5127-4042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077777119","display_name":"Teodora Nechita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2526-9308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teodora Nechita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2526-9308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078065547","display_name":"Timo Kehrer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-5557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Kehrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-5557","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063227479","display_name":"Sebastiano Panichella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4120-626X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastiano Panichella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4120-626X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015451894"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535","https://openalex.org/I858936495"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.9315,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98894143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"FSE","first_page":"929","last_page":"950"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-driving","display_name":"Self driving","score":0.822870135307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulation","display_name":"Driving simulation","score":0.5773706436157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5226073861122131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4517502188682556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.39354047179222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.28494933247566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.2794010639190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2392629086971283}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018391801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741490","display_name":"Self driving","level":2,"score":0.822870135307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986187985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulation","level":2,"score":0.5773706436157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5226073861122131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4517502188682556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.39354047179222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.28494933247566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2794010639190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2392629086971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3643768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcollection.zhaw.ch:11475/30166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11475/30166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401810","display_name":"Z\u00fcrcher Hochschule f\u00fcr Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200744771","host_organization_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200744771"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3643768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5343737327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"957254-COSMOS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978161072","https://openalex.org/W2073526574","https://openalex.org/W2464784130","https://openalex.org/W2759950027","https://openalex.org/W2775678306","https://openalex.org/W2808235263","https://openalex.org/W2900881960","https://openalex.org/W2947658852","https://openalex.org/W2955453634","https://openalex.org/W2966914448","https://openalex.org/W2967861759","https://openalex.org/W2968116426","https://openalex.org/W2969033227","https://openalex.org/W2969329576","https://openalex.org/W3015178658","https://openalex.org/W3028633526","https://openalex.org/W3043367330","https://openalex.org/W3048593700","https://openalex.org/W3087834667","https://openalex.org/W3089756992","https://openalex.org/W3090084154","https://openalex.org/W3090561201","https://openalex.org/W3090608524","https://openalex.org/W3090636587","https://openalex.org/W3092507083","https://openalex.org/W3097889269","https://openalex.org/W3098391866","https://openalex.org/W3117590843","https://openalex.org/W3120403167","https://openalex.org/W3121159911","https://openalex.org/W3125561715","https://openalex.org/W3161448441","https://openalex.org/W3165946426","https://openalex.org/W3168678903","https://openalex.org/W3172452057","https://openalex.org/W3176676483","https://openalex.org/W3182645111","https://openalex.org/W3183304837","https://openalex.org/W3185223681","https://openalex.org/W3195794356","https://openalex.org/W3196215787","https://openalex.org/W3197086947","https://openalex.org/W3205311508","https://openalex.org/W3206485866","https://openalex.org/W3206872702","https://openalex.org/W3207804691","https://openalex.org/W3209597809","https://openalex.org/W3212580602","https://openalex.org/W3213266171","https://openalex.org/W4225627334","https://openalex.org/W4250616538","https://openalex.org/W4281385259","https://openalex.org/W4282981328","https://openalex.org/W4283763666","https://openalex.org/W4286331415","https://openalex.org/W4297294773","https://openalex.org/W4308119828","https://openalex.org/W4312930023","https://openalex.org/W4319150689","https://openalex.org/W4319964781","https://openalex.org/W4378364618","https://openalex.org/W4388483107","https://openalex.org/W4400518895","https://openalex.org/W6911321345","https://openalex.org/W6911415247"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3047375952","https://openalex.org/W4288634015","https://openalex.org/W3138110502","https://openalex.org/W2909676666","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W4391335202"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"metrics":[1,42,199],"such":[2,43,160],"as":[3,44,105,161],"coverage":[4],"or":[5,56,109],"mutation":[6],"scores":[7],"have":[8],"been":[9],"investigated":[10],"for":[11,174,192],"the":[12,26,45,70,74,95,129,133,143,162,166,171,175,179,190,201],"automated":[13],"quality":[14,41,66,198],"assessment":[15,145,176],"of":[16,28,73,78,136,146,150,168,177,203],"test":[17,37,53,103,152],"suites.":[18],"While":[19],"traditional":[20],"tools":[21],"rely":[22],"on":[23,35,157,195],"software":[24],"metrics,":[25],"field":[27],"self-driving":[29],"cars":[30],"(SDCs)":[31],"has":[32],"primarily":[33],"focused":[34],"simulation-based":[36],"case":[38,54],"generation":[39],"using":[40],"out-of-bound":[46],"(OOB)":[47],"parameter":[48],"to":[49,62,93,127,183],"determine":[50,98],"if":[51],"a":[52,116,184],"fails":[55],"passes.":[57],"However,":[58],"it":[59],"remains":[60],"unclear":[61],"what":[63],"extent":[64],"this":[65,82,112],"metric":[67],"aligns":[68],"with":[69,170],"human":[71,144,204],"perception":[72,205],"safety":[75,147],"and":[76,148,165,200],"realism":[77,149],"SDCs.":[79,208],"To":[80,111],"address":[81],"(reality)":[83],"gap,":[84],"we":[85,114],"conducted":[86],"an":[87],"empirical":[88],"study":[89,130,188],"involving":[90],"50":[91],"participants":[92,131],"investigate":[94],"factors":[96],"that":[97,142],"how":[99],"humans":[100],"perceive":[101],"SDC":[102,137],"cases":[104,153],"safe,":[106],"unsafe,":[107],"realistic,":[108],"unrealistic.":[110],"aim,":[113],"developed":[115],"framework":[117],"leveraging":[118],"virtual":[119,134],"reality":[120],"(VR)":[121],"technologies,":[122],"called":[123],"SDC-A":[124],"labaster":[125],",":[126],"immerse":[128],"into":[132],"environment":[135],"simulators.":[138],"Our":[139],"findings":[140],"indicate":[141],"failing/passing":[151],"can":[154],"vary":[155],"based":[156],"different":[158,185],"factors,":[159],"test\u2019s":[163],"complexity":[164],"possibility":[167],"interacting":[169],"SDC.":[172],"Especially":[173],"realism,":[178],"participants'":[180],"age":[181],"leads":[182],"perception.":[186],"This":[187],"highlights":[189],"need":[191],"more":[193],"research":[194],"simulation":[196],"testing":[197],"importance":[202],"in":[206],"evaluating":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}