{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391360919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643688","title":"An Analysis of the Ingredients for Learning Interpretable Symbolic Regression Models with Human-in-the-loop and Genetic Programming","display_name":"An Analysis of the Ingredients for Learning Interpretable Symbolic Regression Models with Human-in-the-loop and Genetic Programming","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391360919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3643688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221532","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Evolutionary Learning and Optimization","issn_l":"2688-299X","issn":["2688-299X","2688-3007"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Evolutionary Learning and Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643688","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060709308","display_name":"Giorgia Nadizar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3535-9748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341640284","display_name":"Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica","ror":"https://ror.org/00x7ekv49","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341640284","https://openalex.org/I2800991832","https://openalex.org/I4405262988"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}],"countries":["IT","NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giorgia Nadizar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy and Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3535-9748","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy and Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341640284","https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067201044","display_name":"Luigi Rovito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2772-4095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Rovito","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2772-4095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031604878","display_name":"Andrea De Lorenzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7628-7672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea De Lorenzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7628-7672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074055647","display_name":"Eric Medvet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-2113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Medvet","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-2113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014995636","display_name":"Marco Virgolin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8905-9313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341640284","display_name":"Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica","ror":"https://ror.org/00x7ekv49","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341640284","https://openalex.org/I2800991832","https://openalex.org/I4405262988"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Virgolin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8905-9313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341640284"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060709308"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341640284","https://openalex.org/I142444530"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6884,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96335074,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.844473123550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-regression","display_name":"Symbolic regression","score":0.8215723037719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5746190547943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5711435079574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5232480764389038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.5126780271530151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.4985659122467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loop","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","score":0.4822879135608673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.18834906816482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17334574460983276}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.844473123550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776400721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18171762","display_name":"Symbolic regression","level":3,"score":0.8215723037719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5746190547943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5711435079574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5232480764389038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.5126780271530151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.4985659122467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184670325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512604","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4822879135608673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.18834906816482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17334574460983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3643688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3643688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221532","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Evolutionary Learning and Optimization","issn_l":"2688-299X","issn":["2688-299X","2688-3007"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Evolutionary Learning and Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arts.units.it:11368/3068118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400480","display_name":"ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","host_organization_name":"University of Trieste","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arts.units.it:11368/3068118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400480","display_name":"ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","host_organization_name":"University of Trieste","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W199024138","https://openalex.org/W1037096493","https://openalex.org/W1519072852","https://openalex.org/W1588375755","https://openalex.org/W1591505907","https://openalex.org/W1600537614","https://openalex.org/W1968889106","https://openalex.org/W1969885422","https://openalex.org/W1982804187","https://openalex.org/W1995047796","https://openalex.org/W2006345381","https://openalex.org/W2009718765","https://openalex.org/W2013587512","https://openalex.org/W2021218714","https://openalex.org/W2026905436","https://openalex.org/W2029469881","https://openalex.org/W2040492000","https://openalex.org/W2050287928","https://openalex.org/W2053606499","https://openalex.org/W2097619956","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2114242438","https://openalex.org/W2121162457","https://openalex.org/W2122825543","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2139898429","https://openalex.org/W2164878629","https://openalex.org/W2275294428","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2296218809","https://openalex.org/W2337039110","https://openalex.org/W2367397349","https://openalex.org/W2593890499","https://openalex.org/W2602288119","https://openalex.org/W2626804490","https://openalex.org/W2809925683","https://openalex.org/W2888580379","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2895144199","https://openalex.org/W2896215772","https://openalex.org/W2909962776","https://openalex.org/W2912290085","https://openalex.org/W2945151003","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2953460080","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2954125295","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2963672746","https://openalex.org/W2963773324","https://openalex.org/W2972441196","https://openalex.org/W2975495759","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3004042307","https://openalex.org/W3008229559","https://openalex.org/W3013872196","https://openalex.org/W3014082649","https://openalex.org/W3021613070","https://openalex.org/W3087851140","https://openalex.org/W3091474480","https://openalex.org/W3099943533","https://openalex.org/W3104017051","https://openalex.org/W3121410165","https://openalex.org/W3134130864","https://openalex.org/W3137144143","https://openalex.org/W3138819813","https://openalex.org/W3139217465","https://openalex.org/W3148830553","https://openalex.org/W3163411042","https://openalex.org/W3180268634","https://openalex.org/W3196741622","https://openalex.org/W3205626500","https://openalex.org/W4206945486","https://openalex.org/W4221148190","https://openalex.org/W4221152145","https://openalex.org/W4224043255","https://openalex.org/W4224949212","https://openalex.org/W4226043654","https://openalex.org/W4281631069","https://openalex.org/W4285805192","https://openalex.org/W4312702461","https://openalex.org/W4315628777","https://openalex.org/W4316115594","https://openalex.org/W4321392130","https://openalex.org/W4379743830","https://openalex.org/W4385188691","https://openalex.org/W6648974641"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2968285896","https://openalex.org/W2381504162","https://openalex.org/W1567571923","https://openalex.org/W2472646430","https://openalex.org/W2610450612","https://openalex.org/W2549153708","https://openalex.org/W2897801744","https://openalex.org/W2147355282","https://openalex.org/W2394133867","https://openalex.org/W1662819506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interpretability":[0],"is":[1,47,58,68,121,206],"a":[2,7,48,66,79,122,130,157,166,241],"critical":[3],"aspect":[4],"to":[5,25,64,87,92,146,149,156,244],"ensure":[6],"fair":[8],"and":[9,128,214,237],"responsible":[10],"use":[11],"of":[12,36,110,153,160,169,239],"machine":[13],"learning":[14],"(ML)":[15],"in":[16,125],"high-stakes":[17],"applications.":[18],"Genetic":[19],"programming":[20],"(GP)":[21],"has":[22],"been":[23],"used":[24],"obtain":[26],"interpretable":[27,69,126,246],"ML":[28,56,111,141,247],"models":[29,112,142,222,248],"because":[30],"it":[31],"operates":[32],"at":[33,183],"the":[34,54,62,72,85,108,140,144,151,154,170,186,194,203],"level":[35],"functional":[37],"building":[38,42],"blocks:":[39],"if":[40],"these":[41],"blocks":[43],"are":[44],"interpretable,":[45],"there":[46],"chance":[49],"that":[50,83,223],"their":[51,93,229],"composition":[52],"(i.e.,":[53,116],"entire":[55],"model)":[57],"also":[59],"interpretable.":[60],"However,":[61],"degree":[63],"which":[65,95,189],"model":[67],"depends":[70],"on":[71,107,235],"observer.":[73],"Motivated":[74],"by":[75,99,188],"this,":[76],"we":[77,134,163,176],"study":[78],"recently-introduced":[80],"human-in-the-loop":[81,242],"system":[82,155],"allows":[84],"user":[86,211],"steer":[88],"GP\u2019s":[89,204],"generation":[90,109],"process":[91],"preferences,":[94],"shall":[96],"be":[97],"online-learned":[98],"an":[100,178,190],"artificial":[101],"neural":[102],"network":[103],"(ANN).":[104],"We":[105],"focus":[106],"as":[113,119],"analytical":[114],"functions":[115],"symbolic":[117],"regression)":[118],"this":[120,174],"key":[123],"problem":[124],"ML,":[127],"propose":[129,177],"two-fold":[131],"contribution.":[132],"First,":[133],"devise":[135],"more":[136],"general":[137],"representations":[138],"for":[139,143,197],"ANN":[145,191],"learn":[147],"upon,":[148],"enable":[150],"application":[152],"wider":[158],"range":[159],"problems.":[161],"Second,":[162],"delve":[164],"into":[165],"deeper":[167],"analysis":[168],"system\u2019s":[171],"components.":[172],"To":[173],"end,":[175],"incremental":[179],"experimental":[180],"evaluation,":[181],"aimed":[182],"(1)":[184],"studying":[185],"effectiveness":[187],"can":[192],"capture":[193],"perceived":[195],"interpretability":[196],"simulated":[198,210],"users,":[199],"(2)":[200],"investigating":[201],"how":[202],"outcome":[205],"affected":[207],"across":[208],"different":[209],"feedback":[212],"profiles,":[213],"(3)":[215],"determining":[216],"whether":[217],"humans":[218],"participants":[219],"would":[220],"prefer":[221],"were":[224],"generated":[225],"with":[226,249],"or":[227],"without":[228],"involvement.":[230],"Our":[231],"results":[232],"pose":[233],"clarity":[234],"pros":[236],"cons":[238],"using":[240],"approach":[243],"discover":[245],"GP.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}