{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391110930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3641548","title":"FLoRa+: Energy-efficient, Reliable, Beamforming-assisted, and Secure Over-the-air Firmware Update in LoRa Networks","display_name":"FLoRa+: Energy-efficient, Reliable, Beamforming-assisted, and Secure Over-the-air Firmware Update in LoRa Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391110930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3641548"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3641548","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3641548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170502224","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks","issn_l":"1550-4859","issn":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012923763","display_name":"Zehua Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8568-2121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105229","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zehua Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084719047","display_name":"Tao Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0671-3020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105229","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034567406","display_name":"Huanqi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7867-6217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105229","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanqi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100645223","display_name":"Kai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1556-1068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105229","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100433703","display_name":"Yu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-167X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054698524","display_name":"Tao Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1350-6639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036424879","display_name":"Weitao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-5912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105229","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weitao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012923763"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4302,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80516801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7922395467758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.7710336446762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5627461075782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.5490350127220154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5235207080841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4246046543121338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4174205958843231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23914679884910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.1491680145263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1314094364643097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.0690116286277771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7922395467758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.7710336446762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5627461075782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.5490350127220154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5235207080841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4246046543121338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4174205958843231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23914679884910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1491680145263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1314094364643097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0690116286277771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3641548","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3641548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170502224","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks","issn_l":"1550-4859","issn":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1477544716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guangdong","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1738898184","display_name":"Collaborative Research: Data Science-Enabled Learning, Prediction and Simulation of Nanoparticle Population Behavior for Advanced Nanomanufacturing","funder_award_id":"2414050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2851651868","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11201422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2981938667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Shenzhen","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3037251261","display_name":"The SL(2,R) action on moduli space","funder_award_id":"1201422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391925360","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CityU 11201422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4291990431","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"9610471","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319065","funder_display_name":"Aromatic Plant Research Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5516222651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101471","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5595865254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"7005666","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6464550458","display_name":"SHF:Small:Proving User Interface Testing Programs Correct","funder_award_id":"2120142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6809183074","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6872776393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"7020057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7033253288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grants","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7039546193","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2021LZH010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7255767633","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"9680333","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7299316306","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"7005984","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7543529065","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"9610471","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7861906870","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CityU 21201420","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7981627932","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2021LZH010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338074","funder_display_name":"Government of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319065","display_name":"Aromatic Plant Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05eebgw43"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333998","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338074","display_name":"Government of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1726445723","https://openalex.org/W1967449502","https://openalex.org/W1976682045","https://openalex.org/W2132782512","https://openalex.org/W2142927000","https://openalex.org/W2158703410","https://openalex.org/W2342863993","https://openalex.org/W2606902731","https://openalex.org/W2903743879","https://openalex.org/W2964940883","https://openalex.org/W3083195873","https://openalex.org/W3116150768","https://openalex.org/W3149816972","https://openalex.org/W3157908087","https://openalex.org/W3173320109","https://openalex.org/W3178076110","https://openalex.org/W3201173074","https://openalex.org/W3203866400","https://openalex.org/W4282971155","https://openalex.org/W4287672211","https://openalex.org/W6683221057","https://openalex.org/W6794613573","https://openalex.org/W6801318974","https://openalex.org/W6839006050"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2582981600","https://openalex.org/W4389238932","https://openalex.org/W4387467152","https://openalex.org/W3010413952","https://openalex.org/W4212885212","https://openalex.org/W4379115910","https://openalex.org/W4287635472","https://openalex.org/W4253989935","https://openalex.org/W2810560948","https://openalex.org/W4387123727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"widespread":[1],"deployment":[2],"of":[3,27,92,195],"unattended":[4],"LoRa":[5,23,53,96],"networks":[6],"poses":[7],"a":[8,74,101,124,140,166],"growing":[9],"need":[10],"to":[11,32,80,114,127,153,180],"perform":[12],"Firmware":[13],"Updates":[14],"Over-The-Air":[15],"(FUOTA).":[16],"However,":[17],"the":[18,82,90],"FUOTA":[19,51,94],"specifications":[20],"dedicated":[21],"by":[22,178],"Alliance":[24],"fall":[25],"short":[26],"several":[28,59],"deficiencies":[29],"with":[30,58,106,185],"respect":[31],"energy":[33,176],"efficiency,":[34],"transmission":[35,117,173],"reliability,":[36],"multicast":[37,130],"fairness,":[38],"and":[39,49,67,77,110,131,147,157,175,182,193,197],"security.":[40],"This":[41],"article":[42],"proposes":[43],"FLoRa+":[44,171,188],",":[45],"energy-efficient,":[46],"reliable,":[47],"beamforming-assisted,":[48],"secure":[50],"for":[52,85,118,134,160],"networks,":[54],"which":[55,88],"is":[56],"featured":[57],"techniques,":[60],"including":[61],"delta":[62,83],"scripting,":[63],"channel":[64,103],"coding,":[65],"beamforming,":[66],"securing":[68,141],"mechanisms.":[69],"Specifically,":[70],"we":[71,99,122,138],"first":[72],"propose":[73],"joint":[75],"differencing":[76],"compression":[78],"algorithm":[79],"generate":[81],"script":[84],"processing":[86],"gain,":[87],"unlocks":[89],"potential":[91],"incremental":[93],"in":[95],"networks.":[97],"Then,":[98],"design":[100],"concatenated":[102],"coding":[104,119],"scheme":[105],"outer":[107],"rateless":[108],"code":[109],"inner":[111],"error":[112],"detection":[113],"enable":[115],"reliable":[116],"gain.":[120,136,162],"Afterward,":[121],"develop":[123],"beamforming":[125],"strategy":[126],"avoid":[128],"biased":[129],"compromised":[132],"throughput":[133],"power":[135],"Finally,":[137],"present":[139],"mechanism":[142],"incorporating":[143],"progressive":[144],"hash":[145],"chain":[146],"packet":[148],"arrival":[149],"time":[150],"pattern":[151],"verification":[152],"countermeasure":[154],"firmware":[155],"integrity":[156],"availability":[158],"attacks":[159],"security":[161],"Experimental":[163],"results":[164],"on":[165],"20-node":[167],"testbed":[168],"demonstrate":[169],"that":[170],"improves":[172],"reliability":[174],"efficiency":[177],"up":[179],"1.51\u00d7":[181],"2.65\u00d7":[183],"compared":[184],"LoRaWAN.":[186],"Additionally,":[187],"can":[189],"defend":[190],"against":[191],"100%":[192],"85.4%":[194],"spoofing":[196],"Denial-of-Service":[198],"(DoS)":[199],"attacks.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}