{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390975090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3641542","title":"RAPID: Zero-Shot Domain Adaptation for Code Search with Pre-Trained Models","display_name":"RAPID: Zero-Shot Domain Adaptation for Code Search with Pre-Trained Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390975090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3641542"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3641542","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3641542","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3641542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3641542","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102957384","display_name":"Guodong Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2031-0615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guodong Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012932387","display_name":"Shizhan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-4765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shizhan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103094513","display_name":"Cuiyun Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8513-6836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuiyun Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020202009","display_name":"Jianmao Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3741-8104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53592917","display_name":"Jiangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkgk822","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53592917"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianmao Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53592917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100375823","display_name":"Tao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6272-4069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100736532","display_name":"Zhiyong Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-7453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102957384"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6295,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93298999,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8219313621520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-adaptation","display_name":"Domain adaptation","score":0.6935586929321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","score":0.6637402772903442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5719692707061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5609123110771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5478430390357971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39097440242767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.33713299036026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3354633152484894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32706016302108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32452592253685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10359317064285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.06265655159950256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8219313621520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776434776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19246213","display_name":"Domain adaptation","level":3,"score":0.6935586929321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6637402772903442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5719692707061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5609123110771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5478430390357971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39097440242767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33713299036026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3354633152484894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32706016302108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32452592253685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10359317064285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.06265655159950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3641542","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3641542","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3641542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3641542","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3641542","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3641542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5675372752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62032016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390975090.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390975090.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1593271688","https://openalex.org/W2005039125","https://openalex.org/W2010645028","https://openalex.org/W2138621090","https://openalex.org/W2156279557","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2293265747","https://openalex.org/W2516372287","https://openalex.org/W2547932336","https://openalex.org/W2794601162","https://openalex.org/W2805788202","https://openalex.org/W2884276923","https://openalex.org/W2911270308","https://openalex.org/W2911282308","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W2999343753","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3034238904","https://openalex.org/W3085514074","https://openalex.org/W3089515198","https://openalex.org/W3090114880","https://openalex.org/W3094444847","https://openalex.org/W3094700537","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3128554366","https://openalex.org/W3154670582","https://openalex.org/W3155895380","https://openalex.org/W3156836409","https://openalex.org/W3157291566","https://openalex.org/W3159616622","https://openalex.org/W3161997752","https://openalex.org/W3167900421","https://openalex.org/W3174770825","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W3187787173","https://openalex.org/W3196239222","https://openalex.org/W3198685994","https://openalex.org/W3199225770","https://openalex.org/W3211890822","https://openalex.org/W3214554611","https://openalex.org/W4200635123","https://openalex.org/W4220923972","https://openalex.org/W4221138451","https://openalex.org/W4221157342","https://openalex.org/W4221166942","https://openalex.org/W4226230447","https://openalex.org/W4233907442","https://openalex.org/W4238846128","https://openalex.org/W4246183800","https://openalex.org/W4252076394","https://openalex.org/W4284679990","https://openalex.org/W4285247752","https://openalex.org/W4288055447","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4303450757","https://openalex.org/W4308642390","https://openalex.org/W4308643024","https://openalex.org/W4313563640","https://openalex.org/W4378651134","https://openalex.org/W4384345684","https://openalex.org/W4384345795","https://openalex.org/W4392366624","https://openalex.org/W6783961830","https://openalex.org/W6799396147"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4394775207","https://openalex.org/W4389474468","https://openalex.org/W4300172004","https://openalex.org/W4321649381","https://openalex.org/W2997645659","https://openalex.org/W3180787869","https://openalex.org/W3203792196","https://openalex.org/W2955455867","https://openalex.org/W4295929828","https://openalex.org/W3156096827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"search,":[1],"which":[2,37],"refers":[3],"to":[4,57,61,136,153,160,270],"the":[5,9,64,72,111,119,127,144,155,164,168,185,201,219,228,235,254,257,271,277,310,314],"process":[6],"of":[7,121,170,193,216,237,256,279,307],"identifying":[8],"most":[10],"relevant":[11],"code":[12,96,258,283],"snippets":[13],"for":[14,35,95,248],"a":[15,21,77,132],"given":[16],"natural":[17],"language":[18],"query,":[19],"plays":[20],"crucial":[22],"role":[23],"in":[24,39,83,173,212,231,281,286],"software":[25],"maintenance.":[26],"However,":[27],"current":[28],"approaches":[29],"heavily":[30],"rely":[31],"on":[32,206],"labeled":[33],"data":[34,105,124,156],"training,":[36],"results":[38,211,269],"performance":[40,230,255],"decreases":[41],"when":[42],"confronted":[43],"with":[44,67,87,113],"cross-domain":[45],"scenarios":[46],"including":[47],"domain-":[48],"or":[49],"project-specific":[50],"situations.":[51],"This":[52],"decline":[53],"can":[54,252,266],"be":[55,161],"attributed":[56],"their":[58],"limited":[59],"ability":[60],"effectively":[62],"capture":[63],"semantics":[65],"associated":[66],"such":[68],"scenarios.":[69],"To":[70,117,166],"tackle":[71],"aforementioned":[73],"problem,":[74],"we":[75,130,176,275],"propose":[76,131],"ze":[78],"R":[79],"o-shot":[80],"dom":[81],"A":[82],"ada":[84],"P":[85],"tion":[86],"pre-tra":[88],"I":[89],"ned":[90],"mo":[91],"D":[92],"els":[93],"framework":[94,101],"search":[97,259,284],"named":[98],"RAPID.":[99],"The":[100],"first":[102],"generates":[103],"synthetic":[104,115,123],"by":[106,163,190,200],"pseudo":[107,250],"labeling,":[108],"then":[109],"trains":[110],"CodeBERT":[112],"sampled":[114],"data.":[116],"avoid":[118],"influence":[120],"noisy":[122],"and":[125,151,180,187,195,261,293],"enhance":[126,253],"model":[128,189],"performance,":[129,302],"mixture":[133,145],"sampling":[134,146],"strategy":[135,147],"obtain":[137],"hard":[138,159,238],"negative":[139],"samples":[140,265],"during":[141],"training.":[142],"Specifically,":[143],"considers":[148],"both":[149,291],"relevancy":[150],"diversity":[152],"select":[154],"that":[157,182,226,245],"are":[158],"distinguished":[162],"models.":[165],"validate":[167],"effectiveness":[169,278],"our":[171,209],"approach":[172,210],"zero-shot":[174,232],"settings,":[175],"conduct":[177],"extensive":[178],"experiments":[179],"find":[181],"RAPID":[183,280,299],"outperforms":[184],"CoCoSoDa":[186],"UniXcoder":[188],"an":[191,213,304],"average":[192,214,305],"15.7%":[194],"10%,":[196],"respectively,":[197],"as":[198,227],"measured":[199],"MRR":[202,220,311],"metric.":[203],"When":[204],"trained":[205],"full":[207],"data,":[208],"improvement":[215,306],"7.5%":[217],"under":[218,309],"metric":[221,312],"using":[222,262],"CodeBERT.":[223],"We":[224],"observe":[225],"model\u2019s":[229],"tasks":[233,285],"improves,":[234],"impact":[236],"negatives":[239],"diminishes.":[240],"Our":[241,296],"observation":[242],"also":[243],"indicates":[244],"fine-tuning":[246],"CodeT5":[247],"generating":[249],"labels":[251],"model,":[260],"only":[263],"100-shot":[264],"yield":[267],"comparable":[268],"supervised":[272],"baseline.":[273],"Furthermore,":[274],"evaluate":[276],"real-world":[282],"three":[287],"GitHub":[288],"projects":[289],"through":[290],"human":[292],"automated":[294],"assessments.":[295],"findings":[297],"reveal":[298],"exhibits":[300],"superior":[301],"e.g.,":[303],"18%":[308],"over":[313],"top-performing":[315],"model.":[316]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}