{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390841259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3640466","title":"FaceSigns: Semi-fragile Watermarks for Media Authentication","display_name":"FaceSigns: Semi-fragile Watermarks for Media Authentication","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390841259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3640466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3640466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3640466","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3640466","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3640466","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030710635","display_name":"Paarth Neekhara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8598-0353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paarth Neekhara","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015232966","display_name":"Shehzeen Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4693-2113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shehzeen Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010458097","display_name":"Xinqiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2785-2321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinqiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Diego State University, San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Diego State University, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101967980","display_name":"Ke Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Diego State University, San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Diego State University, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021827617","display_name":"Julian McAuley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-7588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian McAuley","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019931011","display_name":"Farinaz Koushanfar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-3794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farinaz Koushanfar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030710635"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4134,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98400488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"11","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8672946691513062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5729066729545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5004994869232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4358658790588379}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8672946691513062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5729066729545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5004994869232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4358658790588379}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3640466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3640466","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3640466","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3640466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3640466","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3640466","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390841259.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390841259.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1977675902","https://openalex.org/W1984982693","https://openalex.org/W1997057955","https://openalex.org/W2015906993","https://openalex.org/W2025538567","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2155803963","https://openalex.org/W2166212353","https://openalex.org/W2185094885","https://openalex.org/W2242818861","https://openalex.org/W2242899423","https://openalex.org/W2301937176","https://openalex.org/W2535388113","https://openalex.org/W2756921351","https://openalex.org/W2771036112","https://openalex.org/W2792257088","https://openalex.org/W2799462963","https://openalex.org/W2883233582","https://openalex.org/W2884493853","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2963001579","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W2984700035","https://openalex.org/W2990452356","https://openalex.org/W3019200173","https://openalex.org/W3030351459","https://openalex.org/W3034577585","https://openalex.org/W3034856584","https://openalex.org/W3092709185","https://openalex.org/W3118479706","https://openalex.org/W3125803510","https://openalex.org/W3143336910","https://openalex.org/W3164267381","https://openalex.org/W3201607135","https://openalex.org/W3206071277","https://openalex.org/W4235383870","https://openalex.org/W4237983358","https://openalex.org/W4238416801","https://openalex.org/W4241001320","https://openalex.org/W4253000688","https://openalex.org/W4254624820","https://openalex.org/W4287758545","https://openalex.org/W4297434884","https://openalex.org/W4297697565","https://openalex.org/W4312636844","https://openalex.org/W4365800072","https://openalex.org/W6600983433","https://openalex.org/W6746523225","https://openalex.org/W6784810453","https://openalex.org/W6801605895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2912135041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Manipulated":[0],"media":[1,28,70,89],"is":[2,117,165,233],"becoming":[3],"a":[4,98,102,161,175,188,207],"prominent":[5],"threat":[6],"due":[7],"to":[8,40,49,52,95,119,122,130,153],"the":[9,80,151,155],"recent":[10],"advances":[11],"in":[12,79,216],"realistic":[13],"image":[14,42,81,104,181,238],"and":[15,45,86,141,147,212,240],"video":[16,106],"synthesis":[17,43],"techniques.":[18,242],"There":[19],"have":[20,46],"been":[21,47],"several":[22,194],"attempts":[23],"at":[24,193],"detecting":[25,87],"synthetically":[26],"tampered":[27],"using":[29,90],"machine":[30],"learning":[31],"classifiers.":[32],"However,":[33],"such":[34,133],"classifiers":[35],"do":[36],"not":[37,166],"generalize":[38],"well":[39],"black-box":[41],"techniques":[44],"shown":[48],"be":[50,120,185],"vulnerable":[51],"adversarial":[53],"examples.":[54],"To":[55],"address":[56],"these":[57],"challenges,":[58],"we":[59,93,109],"introduce":[60],"FaceSigns":[61,116],"\u2014a":[62],"deep":[63],"learning-based":[64],"semi-fragile":[65,99],"watermarking":[66,239],"technique":[67,164],"that":[68,108,170,183],"allows":[69,145],"authentication":[71],"by":[72],"verifying":[73],"an":[74,179,227],"invisible":[75],"secret":[76,177],"message":[77],"embedded":[78],"pixels.":[82],"Instead":[83],"of":[84,209,230],"identifying":[85],"manipulated":[88,224],"visual":[91],"artifacts,":[92],"propose":[94],"proactively":[96],"embed":[97,174],"watermark":[100,157,182],"into":[101],"real":[103],"or":[105,125],"so":[107,142],"can":[110,173,184,221],"prove":[111],"its":[112],"authenticity":[113],"when":[114,200],"needed.":[115],"designed":[118],"fragile":[121],"malicious":[123,162,202,213],"manipulations":[124,203,214],"tampering":[126],"while":[127,197],"being":[128,198],"robust":[129],"benign":[131,211],"operations":[132],"as":[134,158,160,178],"image/video":[135],"compression,":[136],"scaling,":[137],"saturation,":[138],"contrast":[139],"adjustments,":[140],"forth.":[143],"This":[144],"images":[146],"videos":[148],"shared":[149],"over":[150],"internet":[152],"retain":[154],"verifiable":[156],"long":[159],"modification":[163],"applied.":[167,205],"We":[168],"demonstrate":[169],"our":[171,217,219],"framework":[172,220],"128-bit":[176],"imperceptible":[180],"recovered":[186],"with":[187,226],"high":[189],"bit":[190],"recovery":[191],"accuracy":[192],"compression":[195],"levels,":[196],"non-recoverable":[199],"unseen":[201,210],"are":[204],"For":[206],"set":[208],"studied":[215],"work,":[218],"reliably":[222],"detect":[223],"content":[225],"AUC":[228],"score":[229],"0.996,":[231],"which":[232],"significantly":[234],"higher":[235],"than":[236],"prior":[237],"steganography":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}