{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391174792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3640333","title":"Exploring Semantic Redundancy using Backdoor Triggers: A Complementary Insight into the Challenges Facing DNN-based Software Vulnerability Detection","display_name":"Exploring Semantic Redundancy using Backdoor Triggers: A Complementary Insight into the Challenges Facing DNN-based Software Vulnerability Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391174792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3640333"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3640333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3640333","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3640333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3640333","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101440413","display_name":"Changjie Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2363-1812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changjie Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2363-1812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007267530","display_name":"Gaolei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3913-5001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaolei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3913-5001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004673608","display_name":"Jun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2483-6980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2483-6980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081182489","display_name":"Xi Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-2355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia and University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-2355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia and University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593","https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.5124,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98347555,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.9376940727233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8507972359657288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.6305054426193237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5264913439750671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5050075650215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4543515741825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44137507677078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35312381386756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22214147448539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15212950110435486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.9376940727233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8507972359657288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6305054426193237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5264913439750671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5050075650215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4543515741825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44137507677078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35312381386756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22214147448539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15212950110435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3640333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3640333","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3640333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3640333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3640333","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3640333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3064853585","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4238942566","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCKY2020604B004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4664115551","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5371349539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G828705695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202303, U21B2019, U20B2048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391174792.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391174792.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2147277317","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2297419069","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2605202003","https://openalex.org/W2748789698","https://openalex.org/W2757104921","https://openalex.org/W2774510177","https://openalex.org/W2885030880","https://openalex.org/W2889233174","https://openalex.org/W2890758152","https://openalex.org/W2892181857","https://openalex.org/W2905097561","https://openalex.org/W2911282308","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962960733","https://openalex.org/W2963500407","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2970862273","https://openalex.org/W2972135640","https://openalex.org/W2973217491","https://openalex.org/W2981023147","https://openalex.org/W2989230094","https://openalex.org/W2996800219","https://openalex.org/W3007993592","https://openalex.org/W3033777149","https://openalex.org/W3034414373","https://openalex.org/W3035367371","https://openalex.org/W3091588759","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3101228802","https://openalex.org/W3104664063","https://openalex.org/W3111602563","https://openalex.org/W3112099458","https://openalex.org/W3137781054","https://openalex.org/W3166095789","https://openalex.org/W3170542759","https://openalex.org/W3202935128","https://openalex.org/W4221153682","https://openalex.org/W4229892695","https://openalex.org/W4239614366","https://openalex.org/W4249977628","https://openalex.org/W4250691433","https://openalex.org/W4283273170","https://openalex.org/W4285205054","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4293198385","https://openalex.org/W4293580221","https://openalex.org/W4300072878","https://openalex.org/W4310895557","https://openalex.org/W4312436517","https://openalex.org/W4315746341","https://openalex.org/W4385730882","https://openalex.org/W4386501849","https://openalex.org/W6775918922","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320031223","https://openalex.org/W3015678314","https://openalex.org/W4281902577","https://openalex.org/W4200629851","https://openalex.org/W3009072493","https://openalex.org/W4386185023","https://openalex.org/W4317672133","https://openalex.org/W3140988292","https://openalex.org/W4386080799","https://openalex.org/W4382469137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,179],"detect":[1],"software":[2,42,176,194],"vulnerabilities":[3],"with":[4,23],"better":[5],"performance,":[6],"deep":[7],"neural":[8],"networks":[9],"(DNNs)":[10],"have":[11],"received":[12],"extensive":[13],"attention":[14],"recently.":[15],"However,":[16],"these":[17,80],"vulnerability":[18,43,151,159,177,195],"detection":[19,44,160,196],"DNN":[20,81],"models":[21,103,161],"trained":[22,102],"code":[24,32,50,118,155],"representations":[25],"are":[26,136],"vulnerable":[27],"to":[28,37,104,109,138],"specific":[29],"perturbations":[30],"on":[31,145],"representations.":[33,119],"This":[34,59],"motivates":[35],"us":[36],"rethink":[38],"the":[39,75,98,101,111,123,164,170,180,187,191],"bane":[40,192],"of":[41,100,113,126,148,166,174,182,193],"and":[45,69,133,153,158],"find":[46],"function-agnostic":[47,67,105,140],"features":[48,77],"during":[49],"representation":[51,156],"which":[52],"we":[53,86],"name":[54],"as":[55,122],"semantic":[56,70,114,127,167],"redundant":[57,71,76],"features.":[58],"paper":[60],"first":[61,188],"identifies":[62],"a":[63,88],"tight":[64],"correlation":[65,84],"between":[66],"triggers":[68,106],"feature":[72],"space":[73],"(where":[74],"reside)":[78],"in":[79,116],"models.":[82],"For":[83],"identification,":[85],"propose":[87],"novel":[89],"Backdoor-based":[90],"Semantic":[91],"Redundancy":[92],"Exploration":[93],"(BSemRE)":[94],"framework.":[95],"In":[96],"BSemRE,":[97],"sensitivity":[99],"is":[107,186],"observed":[108],"verify":[110],"existence":[112,165],"redundancy":[115,168],"various":[117],"Specifically,":[120],"acting":[121],"typical":[124],"manifestations":[125],"redundancy,":[128],"naming":[129],"conventions,":[130],"ternary":[131],"operators":[132],"identically-true":[134],"conditions":[135],"exploited":[137],"generate":[139],"triggers.":[141,199],"Extensive":[142],"comparative":[143],"experiments":[144],"1,613,823":[146],"samples":[147],"eight":[149],"representative":[150],"datasets":[152],"state-of-the-art":[154],"techniques":[157],"demonstrate":[162],"that":[163],"determines":[169],"upper":[171],"trustworthiness":[172],"limit":[173],"DNN-based":[175],"detection.":[178],"best":[181],"our":[183],"knowledge,":[184],"this":[185],"work":[189],"exploring":[190],"using":[197],"backdoor":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}