{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399397061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639475.3640097","title":"Greening Large Language Models of Code","display_name":"Greening Large Language Models of Code","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399397061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639475.3640097"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3639475.3640097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639475.3640097","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3639475.3640097","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 46th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3639475.3640097","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002667771","display_name":"Jieke Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-5018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jieke Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-5018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008695791","display_name":"Zhou Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5938-1918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5938-1918","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027335548","display_name":"Hong Jin Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7335-7295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Jin Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7335-7295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008013136","display_name":"Bowen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1006-8493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1006-8493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103075577","display_name":"Junda He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3370-8585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junda He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3370-8585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081036622","display_name":"David Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002667771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.412,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99056345,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"142","last_page":"153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greening","display_name":"Greening","score":0.7065209746360779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6472039818763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.45713719725608826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.31346428394317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.14534199237823486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.12498879432678223}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778354632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5604190","display_name":"Greening","level":2,"score":0.7065209746360779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6472039818763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.45713719725608826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.31346428394317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.14534199237823486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.12498879432678223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3639475.3640097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639475.3640097","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3639475.3640097","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 46th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3639475.3640097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639475.3640097","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3639475.3640097","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 46th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399397061.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1438627575","https://openalex.org/W1571917368","https://openalex.org/W2065053490","https://openalex.org/W2118622620","https://openalex.org/W2138428785","https://openalex.org/W2733506671","https://openalex.org/W2769879317","https://openalex.org/W2772626348","https://openalex.org/W2803426915","https://openalex.org/W2888483609","https://openalex.org/W2911546748","https://openalex.org/W2915480215","https://openalex.org/W2954141573","https://openalex.org/W2954451301","https://openalex.org/W2963925437","https://openalex.org/W2963979492","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3011564318","https://openalex.org/W3034368386","https://openalex.org/W3034560159","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3100985894","https://openalex.org/W3101248447","https://openalex.org/W3105966348","https://openalex.org/W3121707215","https://openalex.org/W3123509436","https://openalex.org/W3133951772","https://openalex.org/W3135013702","https://openalex.org/W3138154797","https://openalex.org/W3156869386","https://openalex.org/W3167266074","https://openalex.org/W3214897310","https://openalex.org/W3217001695","https://openalex.org/W4220722393","https://openalex.org/W4221016682","https://openalex.org/W4225407062","https://openalex.org/W4225878270","https://openalex.org/W4226199697","https://openalex.org/W4239019441","https://openalex.org/W4283751459","https://openalex.org/W4285490465","https://openalex.org/W4287673430","https://openalex.org/W4312969325","https://openalex.org/W4313547593","https://openalex.org/W4380568733"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2355407358","https://openalex.org/W2370818066","https://openalex.org/W2377273153","https://openalex.org/W2368732234","https://openalex.org/W2362876336","https://openalex.org/W2365082218","https://openalex.org/W2353888291","https://openalex.org/W2052833884"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"of":[3,17,36,55],"code":[4,56],"have":[5],"shown":[6],"remarkable":[7],"effectiveness":[8],"across":[9],"various":[10],"software":[11],"engineering":[12],"tasks.":[13],"Despite":[14],"the":[15],"availability":[16],"many":[18],"cloud":[19],"services":[20],"built":[21],"upon":[22],"these":[23],"powerful":[24],"models,":[25],"there":[26],"remain":[27],"several":[28],"scenarios":[29],"where":[30],"developers":[31],"cannot":[32],"take":[33],"full":[34],"advantage":[35],"them,":[37],"stemming":[38],"from":[39],"factors":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42],"restricted":[43],"or":[44],"unreliable":[45],"internet":[46],"access,":[47],"institutional":[48],"privacy":[49],"policies":[50],"that":[51],"prohibit":[52],"external":[53],"transmission":[54],"to":[57],"third-party":[58],"vendors,":[59],"and":[60,67],"more.":[61],"Therefore,":[62],"developing":[63],"a":[64],"compact,":[65],"efficient,":[66],"yet":[68],"energy-saving":[69],"model":[70],"for":[71],"deployment":[72],"on":[73],"developers'":[74],"devices":[75],"becomes":[76],"essential.":[77]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}