{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390393298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639051","title":"Application-level Validation of Accelerator Designs Using a Formal Software/Hardware Interface","display_name":"Application-level Validation of Accelerator Designs Using a Formal Software/Hardware Interface","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390393298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3639051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059138019","display_name":"Bo-Yuan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-4069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo-Yuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-4069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088878478","display_name":"Steven Lyubomirsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6747-7014"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Lyubomirsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["OctoML, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6747-7014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OctoML, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100421825","display_name":"Yi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4837-2282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4837-2282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103071117","display_name":"Mike He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0843-8413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0843-8413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019613067","display_name":"Gus Henry Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9754-233X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gus Henry Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9754-233X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005762501","display_name":"Thierry Tambe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6411-9620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thierry Tambe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6411-9620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053015803","display_name":"Akash Gaonkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5565-2581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akash Gaonkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5565-2581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084438146","display_name":"Vishal Canumalla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5418-1279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vishal Canumalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5418-1279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031956597","display_name":"A H Cheung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0661-2640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0661-2640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043327132","display_name":"Gu-Yeon Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-9904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu-Yeon Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-9904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041231710","display_name":"Aarti Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6676-9400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aarti Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6676-9400","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042187082","display_name":"Zachary Tatlock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4731-0124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zachary Tatlock","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4731-0124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085975362","display_name":"Sharad Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0837-5443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharad Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0837-5443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6136,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68651422,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.917119026184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5599521398544312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.525912880897522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5194929838180542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.49034810066223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-system-level-design-and-verification","display_name":"Electronic system-level design and verification","score":0.43511682748794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.38610976934432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.36183327436447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.33749136328697205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.917119026184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5599521398544312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.525912880897522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5194929838180542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.49034810066223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77495112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5358436","display_name":"Electronic system-level design and verification","level":2,"score":0.43511682748794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.38610976934432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.36183327436447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.33749136328697205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3639051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574609262","https://openalex.org/W1744150050","https://openalex.org/W1964471912","https://openalex.org/W1992244261","https://openalex.org/W2023550229","https://openalex.org/W2045255985","https://openalex.org/W2055312318","https://openalex.org/W2088056808","https://openalex.org/W2097414162","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2150871888","https://openalex.org/W2152397470","https://openalex.org/W2153131284","https://openalex.org/W2160145830","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2291707997","https://openalex.org/W2430375756","https://openalex.org/W2544002786","https://openalex.org/W2578027111","https://openalex.org/W2582073145","https://openalex.org/W2604978604","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2766084285","https://openalex.org/W2809468530","https://openalex.org/W2906737788","https://openalex.org/W2913668833","https://openalex.org/W2932228771","https://openalex.org/W2950656546","https://openalex.org/W2963114857","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2966287844","https://openalex.org/W2972198038","https://openalex.org/W3007436455","https://openalex.org/W3036878841","https://openalex.org/W3042598257","https://openalex.org/W3043571714","https://openalex.org/W3046678272","https://openalex.org/W3088013723","https://openalex.org/W3092209569","https://openalex.org/W3092300766","https://openalex.org/W3099525000","https://openalex.org/W3110583370","https://openalex.org/W3117137355","https://openalex.org/W3122286897","https://openalex.org/W3135697241","https://openalex.org/W3152853872","https://openalex.org/W3153044352","https://openalex.org/W3155384757","https://openalex.org/W3163465952","https://openalex.org/W3163649573","https://openalex.org/W3200826900","https://openalex.org/W4205614912","https://openalex.org/W4221005464","https://openalex.org/W4230919050","https://openalex.org/W4240168186","https://openalex.org/W4241140669","https://openalex.org/W4245199738","https://openalex.org/W4256617400","https://openalex.org/W4281707342","https://openalex.org/W4288637392","https://openalex.org/W4318328335","https://openalex.org/W4385497424"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979131826","https://openalex.org/W2370066713","https://openalex.org/W1984979050","https://openalex.org/W2978161533","https://openalex.org/W2379338802","https://openalex.org/W3152699334","https://openalex.org/W4237771018","https://openalex.org/W1572417577","https://openalex.org/W2103384799","https://openalex.org/W4386568676"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ideally,":[0],"accelerator":[1,58,104,150,209],"development":[2,133],"should":[3],"be":[4,129],"as":[5,7,115],"easy":[6],"software":[8],"development.":[9],"Several":[10],"recent":[11,154],"design":[12],"languages/tools":[13],"are":[14],"working":[15],"toward":[16],"this":[17,143],"goal,":[18],"but":[19],"actually":[20],"testing":[21,55],"early":[22],"designs":[23,59],"on":[24,60,156],"real":[25],"applications":[26],"end-to-end":[27,54,187],"remains":[28],"prohibitively":[29],"difficult":[30],"due":[31],"to":[32,52,120,146,159],"the":[33,70,88,110,121],"costs":[34],"of":[35,56,67,72,134,142,198],"building":[36],"specialized":[37],"compiler":[38,162],"and":[39,82,136,210],"simulator":[40],"support.":[41],"We":[42,107,193],"propose":[43],"a":[44,73,116,168,206],"new":[45],"first-in-class,":[46],"mostly":[47],"automated":[48,132],"methodology":[49],"termed":[50],"\u201c3LA\u201d":[51],"enable":[53],"prototype":[57,165],"unmodified":[61],"source":[62],"applications.":[63],"A":[64],"key":[65,140],"contribution":[66,141],"3LA":[68],"is":[69,145],"use":[71],"formal":[74,92],"software/hardware":[75,117],"interface":[76],"that":[77,96,127],"specifies":[78],"an":[79,202],"accelerator\u2019s":[80],"operations":[81],"their":[83],"semantics.":[84],"Specifically,":[85],"we":[86,170],"leverage":[87],"Instruction-level":[89],"Abstraction":[90],"(ILA)":[91],"specification":[93],"for":[94,103,112,125,131,164],"accelerators":[95,113,166],"has":[97],"been":[98],"successfully":[99],"used":[100,130],"thus":[101],"far":[102],"implementation":[105],"verification.":[106],"show":[108,147],"how":[109,148],"ILA":[111,182],"serves":[114],"interface,":[118],"similar":[119],"Instruction":[122],"Set":[123],"Architecture":[124],"processors,":[126],"can":[128],"compilers":[135],"instruction-level":[137],"simulators.":[138],"Another":[139],"work":[144,155],"ILA-based":[149],"semantics":[151],"enables":[152,186],"extending":[153],"equality":[157],"saturation":[158],"auto-generate":[160],"basic":[161],"support":[163],"in":[167,205],"technique":[169],"term":[171],"\u201cflexible":[172],"matching.\u201d":[173],"By":[174],"combining":[175],"flexible":[176],"matching":[177],"with":[178,189],"simulators":[179],"auto-generated":[180],"from":[181],"specifications,":[183],"our":[184],"approach":[185],"evaluation":[188],"modest":[190],"engineering":[191],"effort.":[192],"detail":[194],"several":[195],"case":[196],"studies":[197],"3LA,":[199],"which":[200],"uncovered":[201],"unknown":[203],"flaw":[204],"recently":[207],"published":[208],"facilitated":[211],"its":[212],"fix.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}