{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391993447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639041","title":"Deep Dive into NTP Pool's Popularity and Mapping","display_name":"Deep Dive into NTP Pool's Popularity and Mapping","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391993447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3639041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639041","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3639041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3639041","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041570123","display_name":"Giovane C. M. Moura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6632-0221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovane C. M. Moura","raw_affiliation_strings":["SIDN Labs and Delft University of Technology, Anrhem and Delft, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6632-0221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIDN Labs and Delft University of Technology, Anrhem and Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084734918","display_name":"Marco Davids","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2629-4321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154420","display_name":"SIDN Fonds","ror":"https://ror.org/05cej7184","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154420"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Davids","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft, SIDN Labs, Arnhem, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2629-4321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft, SIDN Labs, Arnhem, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154420"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051322119","display_name":"Caspar Schutijser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2690-2616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154420","display_name":"SIDN Fonds","ror":"https://ror.org/05cej7184","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154420"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caspar Schutijser","raw_affiliation_strings":["SIDN Labs, Arnhem, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2690-2616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIDN Labs, Arnhem, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154420"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018666006","display_name":"Cristian Hesselman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7052-9300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154420","display_name":"SIDN Fonds","ror":"https://ror.org/05cej7184","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154420"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian Hesselman","raw_affiliation_strings":["SIDN Labs and University of Twente, Arnhem and Enschede, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7052-9300","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIDN Labs and University of Twente, Arnhem and Enschede, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154420","https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090014731","display_name":"John Heidemann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1225-7562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103999","display_name":"Integrated Systems Incorporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01et00j38","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103999"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Heidemann","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC/ISI ans CS Dept., Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1225-7562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC/ISI ans CS Dept., Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103999"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005247877","display_name":"Georgios Smaragdakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-3617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Smaragdakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-3617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3068,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78989227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.8471999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.36943304538726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3571588397026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.35439684987068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3317983150482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2694384455680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.08529931306838989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.8471999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.36943304538726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3571588397026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35439684987068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3317983150482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2694384455680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08529931306838989}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3639041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639041","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3639041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/1f2698f2-8bfc-465e-9605-3e33fb1a932c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/1f2698f2-8bfc-465e-9605-3e33fb1a932c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Moura, G C M, Davids, M, Schutijser, C, Hesselman, C, Heidemann, J & Smaragdakis, G 2024, 'Deep Dive into NTP Pool's Popularity and Mapping', Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems, vol. 8, no. 1, 15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3639041","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/1f2698f2-8bfc-465e-9605-3e33fb1a932c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/files/359410158/3639041.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/359410158/3639041.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Moura, G C M, Davids, M, Schutijser, C, Hesselman, C, Heidemann, J & Smaragdakis, G 2024, 'Deep Dive into NTP Pool's Popularity and Mapping', Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems, vol. 8, no. 1, 15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3639041","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:4234d183-9fd5-4c5b-8983-d79e77223b02","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4234d183-9fd5-4c5b-8983-d79e77223b02","pdf_url":"https://repository.tudelft.nl/file/File_b294ac13-2197-4d6f-8ea0-570a39c2a611","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3639041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3639041","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3639041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1836393648","display_name":"Machine Learning for Autonomic System Operation in the Heterogeneous Edge-Cloud Continuum","funder_award_id":"101092912","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1907170199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"679158","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2811672450","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2319409, CNS-2212480","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3261283721","display_name":"Digital Technologies ActiNg as a Gatekeeper to information and data flOws","funder_award_id":"101070052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5089158535","display_name":"Collaborative Research: IMR:MM-1B: Privacy in Internet Measurements Applied To WAN and Telematics","funder_award_id":"2319409","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G511431143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101094901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5668372372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101094901, 101092912, 101070052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6161857907","display_name":"SECURITY PROTECTION TOOLS FOR NETWORKED MEDICAL DEVICES","funder_award_id":"101094901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334213","display_name":"Office of Advanced Research Computing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391993447.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391993447.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1635413415","https://openalex.org/W1828150029","https://openalex.org/W1927311981","https://openalex.org/W1973501242","https://openalex.org/W1976066853","https://openalex.org/W2061133001","https://openalex.org/W2069272275","https://openalex.org/W2170122011","https://openalex.org/W2245612441","https://openalex.org/W2288632536","https://openalex.org/W2308096330","https://openalex.org/W2309570670","https://openalex.org/W2325688788","https://openalex.org/W2346532176","https://openalex.org/W2398669126","https://openalex.org/W2513211841","https://openalex.org/W2556331653","https://openalex.org/W2573146560","https://openalex.org/W2770041920","https://openalex.org/W2782070769","https://openalex.org/W2835471639","https://openalex.org/W2885330389","https://openalex.org/W2900785765","https://openalex.org/W2903228053","https://openalex.org/W2921793949","https://openalex.org/W2943403042","https://openalex.org/W2980904829","https://openalex.org/W3018813254","https://openalex.org/W3023845375","https://openalex.org/W3093525904","https://openalex.org/W3094480867","https://openalex.org/W3102376030","https://openalex.org/W3137900474","https://openalex.org/W4210531213","https://openalex.org/W4232652248","https://openalex.org/W4247714939","https://openalex.org/W4254168075","https://openalex.org/W4297270820","https://openalex.org/W4300480330","https://openalex.org/W4324009501","https://openalex.org/W4389942256"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2368605798","https://openalex.org/W2518037665","https://openalex.org/W2348524959","https://openalex.org/W2477036161","https://openalex.org/W2368049389","https://openalex.org/W2384861574","https://openalex.org/W2170801710","https://openalex.org/W2952704802","https://openalex.org/W4294565801"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time":[0,12],"synchronization":[1,19],"is":[2,69,83],"of":[3,40,64,90,124],"paramount":[4],"importance":[5],"on":[6],"the":[7,10,17,46,52,60,65,80,88,100,125,130,135,166],"Internet,":[8],"with":[9,165],"Network":[11],"Protocol":[13],"(NTP)":[14],"serving":[15],"as":[16],"primary":[18],"protocol.":[20],"The":[21],"NTP":[22,36,47,66,106,131,167],"Pool,":[23,67],"a":[24],"volunteer-driven":[25],"initiative":[26],"launched":[27],"two":[28,120],"decades":[29],"ago,":[30],"facilitates":[31],"connections":[32],"between":[33],"clients":[34,73,98,109],"and":[35,112,119,143,173],"servers.":[37,75],"Our":[38,76],"analysis":[39],"root":[41],"DNS":[42,61],"queries":[43],"reveals":[44],"that":[45,79,145],"Pool":[48,168],"has":[49],"consistently":[50],"been":[51],"most":[53],"popular":[54],"time":[55,91,146,156],"service.":[56],"We":[57,133,160],"further":[58],"investigate":[59],"component":[62],"(GeoDNS)":[63],"which":[68],"responsible":[70],"for":[71,93,140],"mapping":[72],"to":[74,87,158,175,179],"findings":[77,164],"indicate":[78],"current":[81],"algorithm":[82,178],"heavily":[84],"skewed,":[85],"leading":[86],"emergence":[89],"monopolies":[92],"entire":[94],"countries.":[95],"For":[96],"instance,":[97],"in":[99,110,129],"US":[101],"are":[102,114],"served":[103,115],"by":[104,116],"551":[105],"servers,":[107,121],"while":[108],"Cameroon":[111],"Nigeria":[113],"only":[117],"one":[118],"respectively,":[122],"out":[123],"4k+":[126],"servers":[127,147],"available":[128],"Pool.":[132],"examine":[134],"underlying":[136],"assumption":[137],"behind":[138],"GeoDNS":[139],"these":[141],"mappings":[142],"discover":[144],"located":[148],"far":[149],"away":[150],"can":[151],"still":[152],"provide":[153],"accurate":[154],"clock":[155],"information":[157],"clients.":[159],"have":[161],"shared":[162],"our":[163],"operators,":[169],"who":[170],"acknowledge":[171],"them":[172],"plan":[174],"revise":[176],"their":[177],"enhance":[180],"security.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}