{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401214102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3638530.3664162","title":"Comparing Large Language Models and Grammatical Evolution for Code Generation","display_name":"Comparing Large Language Models and Grammatical Evolution for Code Generation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401214102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3638530.3664162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3638530.3664162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3638530.3664162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608771","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11572/422130","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028912970","display_name":"Leonardo Lucio Custode","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1652-1690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Lucio Custode","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106114012","display_name":"Chiara Camilla Rambaldi Migliore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1581-6086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Camilla Migliore Rambaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055975794","display_name":"Marco Roveri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9483-3940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Roveri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007121933","display_name":"Giovanni Iacca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9723-1830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Iacca","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028912970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9278,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74710831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1830","last_page":"1837"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10015","display_name":"Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies","score":0.9660999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9567000269889832,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7597615718841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammatical-evolution","display_name":"Grammatical evolution","score":0.7148056030273438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.5933352708816528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5015408992767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.47141382098197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.45977601408958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41311177611351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.325980544090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.08960235118865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.0590081512928009}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7597615718841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10906938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5593687","display_name":"Grammatical evolution","level":3,"score":0.7148056030273438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.5933352708816528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5015408992767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.47141382098197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.45977601408958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41311177611351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.325980544090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.08960235118865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0590081512928009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3638530.3664162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3638530.3664162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608771","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1291852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1291852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/422130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11572/422130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/422130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11572/422130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130232500","https://openalex.org/W243424403","https://openalex.org/W2900121847","https://openalex.org/W2954383399","https://openalex.org/W3173383004","https://openalex.org/W3183121011","https://openalex.org/W4281669782","https://openalex.org/W4285734663","https://openalex.org/W4366735548","https://openalex.org/W4387494819","https://openalex.org/W4389285870"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2318447304","https://openalex.org/W1997369325","https://openalex.org/W2440364284","https://openalex.org/W2077803189","https://openalex.org/W1993379878","https://openalex.org/W2147838718","https://openalex.org/W2163672025","https://openalex.org/W2048831961","https://openalex.org/W1606349578","https://openalex.org/W4399567378"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"generation":[1,45,148],"is":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,9,42,53,103,144],"the":[5,51,68,73,83,118,142,159],"most":[6],"valuable":[7],"applications":[8],"AI,":[10],"as":[11,29],"it":[12],"allows":[13],"for":[14],"automated":[15],"programming":[16],"and":[17,25,33,105],"\"self-building\"":[18],"programs.":[19],"Both":[20],"Large":[21],"Language":[22],"Models":[23],"(LLMs)":[24],"evolutionary":[26,106],"methods,":[27,107],"such":[28,78],"Genetic":[30],"Programming":[31],"(GP)":[32],"Grammatical":[34],"Evolution":[35],"(GE),":[36],"are":[37],"known":[38],"to":[39,50,140],"be":[40],"capable":[41],"performing":[43],"code":[44,147],"with":[46],"reasonable":[47],"performance.":[48],"However,":[49],"best":[52],"our":[54,88],"knowledge,":[55],"little":[56],"work":[57],"has":[58],"been":[59],"done":[60],"so":[61],"far":[62],"on":[63,146],"a":[64,101,113],"systematic":[65],"comparison":[66,102],"between":[67],"two":[69],"approaches.":[70],"Most":[71],"importantly,":[72],"only":[74],"studies":[75],"that":[76,137,150],"conducted":[77],"comparisons":[79],"used":[80,157],"benchmarks":[81],"from":[82,117,154],"GP":[84,160],"community,":[85],"which,":[86],"in":[87,108,125,158],"opinion,":[89],"may":[90],"have":[91,151],"provided":[92],"possibly":[93],"GP-biased":[94],"results.":[95],"In":[96],"this":[97,126],"work,":[98],"we":[99],"perform":[100],"LLMs":[104,128,145],"particular":[109],"GE,":[110,135],"using":[111],"instead":[112],"well-known":[114],"benchmark":[115],"originating":[116],"LLM":[119],"community.":[120,161],"Our":[121],"results":[122],"show":[123],"that,":[124],"scenario,":[127],"can":[129],"solve":[130],"significantly":[131],"more":[132],"tasks":[133,149],"than":[134],"indicating":[136],"GE":[138],"struggles":[139],"match":[141],"performance":[143],"different":[152],"properties":[153],"those":[155],"commonly":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
