{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401215276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3638530.3664137","title":"A Bi-Level Approach to Vehicle Fleet Reduction: Successful Case Study in Community Healthcare","display_name":"A Bi-Level Approach to Vehicle Fleet Reduction: Successful Case Study in Community Healthcare","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401215276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3638530.3664137"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3638530.3664137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3638530.3664137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608771","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3638530.3664137","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041490004","display_name":"Alexander E. I. Brownlee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2892-5059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","display_name":"University of Stirling","ror":"https://ror.org/045wgfr59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Brownlee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom","University of Stirling Computing Science and Mathematics Stirling, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2892-5059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stirling Computing Science and Mathematics Stirling, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074122533","display_name":"Sarah L. Thomson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6971-7817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Thomson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","Edinburgh Napier University Computing, Engineering & The Built Environment Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6971-7817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edinburgh Napier University Computing, Engineering & The Built Environment Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106114149","display_name":"Rachael Oladapo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1790-0052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319760190","display_name":"National Health Service Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04za2st18","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319760190"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachael Oladapo","raw_affiliation_strings":["NHS Scotland, Manchester, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1790-0052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NHS Scotland, Manchester, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319760190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1695","last_page":"1701"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.9546999931335449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.6451600790023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.6159560680389404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44288191199302673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4202052652835846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.10921573638916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.09068703651428223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07021787762641907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6451600790023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.6159560680389404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44288191199302673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4202052652835846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10921573638916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.09068703651428223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07021787762641907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3638530.3664137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3638530.3664137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608771","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3638530.3664137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3638530.3664137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608771","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978480549","https://openalex.org/W2037783201","https://openalex.org/W2056304719","https://openalex.org/W2163196406","https://openalex.org/W2722679412","https://openalex.org/W2905554915","https://openalex.org/W2912228593","https://openalex.org/W2995564010","https://openalex.org/W3053225243","https://openalex.org/W3156469768","https://openalex.org/W4255654664","https://openalex.org/W4376456883"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,93,101,120],"report":[1],"on":[2],"a":[3,26,42,48,66,127],"case":[4,125],"study":[5],"application":[6],"of":[7,21,28,37,59,106],"metaheuristics":[8],"with":[9],"Argyll":[10],"and":[11,14,111],"Bute":[12],"Health":[13],"Social":[15],"Care":[16],"Partnership":[17,24],"in":[18,130],"the":[19,57,71,84,107,131],"West":[20],"Scotland.":[22],"The":[23],"maintains":[25],"fleet":[27,49,60,133],"pool":[29],"vehicles":[30,61,74,87],"that":[31,103],"are":[32,75,88],"available":[33],"to":[34,39,77,90,97,138],"service":[35],"visits":[36],"staff":[38],"locations":[40,79],"across":[41],"largely":[43],"rural":[44],"area.":[45],"Maintaining":[46],"such":[47,80],"is":[50],"important":[51],"but":[52],"costly:":[53],"we":[54],"show":[55,102],"how":[56],"allocation":[58],"can":[62,114],"be":[63,115],"formulated":[64],"as":[65,81],"bilevel":[67],"optimisation":[68],"problem.":[69,100,119],"At":[70,83],"upper":[72,110],"level,":[73,86],"allocated":[76,89],"'base'":[78],"hospitals.":[82],"lower":[85,112],"specific":[91],"jobs.":[92],"explore":[94],"local-search":[95],"approaches":[96],"solving":[98],"this":[99,118],"some":[104],"blurring":[105],"distinction":[108],"between":[109],"levels":[113],"helpful":[116],"for":[117,123],"also":[121],"demonstrate,":[122],"our":[124],"study,":[126],"7.1%":[128],"reduction":[129],"vehicle":[132],"while":[134],"still":[135],"being":[136],"able":[137],"meet":[139],"all":[140],"demand.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
