{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389572099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3637215","title":"AEKA: FPGA Implementation of Area-Efficient Karatsuba Accelerator for Ring-Binary-LWE-Based Lightweight PQC","display_name":"AEKA: FPGA Implementation of Area-Efficient Karatsuba Accelerator for Ring-Binary-LWE-Based Lightweight PQC","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389572099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3637215"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3637215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3637215","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3637215","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3637215","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019186749","display_name":"Tianyou Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3321-5123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyou Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Villanova University, Villanova, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3321-5123","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Villanova University, Villanova, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053238326","display_name":"Pengzhou He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3461-4548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengzhou He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Villanova University, Villanova, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3461-4548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Villanova University, Villanova, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027261160","display_name":"Jiafeng Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-1318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiafeng Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Villanova University, Villanova, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-1318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Villanova University, Villanova, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029700182","display_name":"H S. Jacinto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2737-7110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482673","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate","ror":"https://ror.org/00z65zs77","country_code":null,"type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4388482673","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H S. Jacinto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Lab Information Directorate, Rome, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2737-7110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Lab Information Directorate, Rome, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I4388482673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6345,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74427697,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8662519454956055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7466511130332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5001204013824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtex","display_name":"Virtex","score":0.49179795384407043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.44627058506011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4399649500846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.41699162125587463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4095505475997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3400910496711731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11962449550628662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8662519454956055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7466511130332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5001204013824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777674469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20741011","display_name":"Virtex","level":3,"score":0.49179795384407043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.44627058506011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4399649500846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.41699162125587463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4095505475997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3400910496711731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11962449550628662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3637215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3637215","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3637215","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3637215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3637215","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3637215","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5095376432","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-20-3-1003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389572099.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389572099.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39036742","https://openalex.org/W1649758727","https://openalex.org/W2007466965","https://openalex.org/W2069285815","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2125093890","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2463363166","https://openalex.org/W2494396870","https://openalex.org/W2616692762","https://openalex.org/W2798882964","https://openalex.org/W2900984439","https://openalex.org/W2903348552","https://openalex.org/W2904062476","https://openalex.org/W2913016792","https://openalex.org/W2919623724","https://openalex.org/W2953289753","https://openalex.org/W2990919688","https://openalex.org/W3011725391","https://openalex.org/W3034054507","https://openalex.org/W3088315145","https://openalex.org/W3091012253","https://openalex.org/W3121011012","https://openalex.org/W3135053459","https://openalex.org/W3168963148","https://openalex.org/W3169388419","https://openalex.org/W3176656007","https://openalex.org/W3208274166","https://openalex.org/W3214582668","https://openalex.org/W4200100773","https://openalex.org/W4226261894","https://openalex.org/W4285223675","https://openalex.org/W4285263548","https://openalex.org/W4286655990","https://openalex.org/W4293378128","https://openalex.org/W4298022300","https://openalex.org/W4307380322","https://openalex.org/W4307640781","https://openalex.org/W4386025930","https://openalex.org/W6960444712"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2544043553","https://openalex.org/W2546284597","https://openalex.org/W2348562861","https://openalex.org/W2540393334","https://openalex.org/W1983570530","https://openalex.org/W2390042878","https://openalex.org/W2062932566","https://openalex.org/W2271847574","https://openalex.org/W2746234147","https://openalex.org/W2085828379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lightweight":[0],"PQC-related":[1],"research":[2,11],"and":[3,144,160],"development":[4],"have":[5,77,121,139],"gradually":[6],"gained":[7],"attention":[8],"from":[9],"the":[10,68,98,103,108,123,148,151,167,186],"community":[12],"recently.":[13],"Ring-Binary-Learning-with-Errors":[14],"(RBLWE)-based":[15],"encryption":[16],"scheme":[17],"(RBLWE-ENC),":[18],"a":[19,54,116,127],"promising":[20],"lightweight":[21,222],"PQC":[22,223],"based":[23,62,86],"on":[24,63,67,87,185],"small":[25,190],"parameter":[26],"sets":[27],"to":[28,114,146,218],"fit":[29],"related":[30],"applications":[31,207],"(but":[32],"not":[33],"in":[34,49],"favor":[35],"of":[36,57,90,94,107,150,212],"deploying":[37],"popular":[38],"fast":[39],"algorithms":[40],"like":[41],"number":[42],"theoretic":[43],"transform).":[44],"To":[45],"solve":[46],"this":[47,50,213],"problem,":[48],"article,":[51],"we":[52,76,96,120,138],"present":[53],"novel":[55,133],"implementation":[56],"hardware":[58,129],"acceleration":[59],"for":[60,84,112,170,204,221],"RBLWE-ENC":[61,113],"Karatsuba":[64,81],"algorithm,":[65],"particularly":[66],"field-programmable":[69],"gate":[70],"array":[71],"(FPGA)":[72],"platform.":[73],"In":[74],"detail,":[75],"proposed":[78,124,152,178],"an":[79],"area-efficient":[80],"Accelerator":[82],"(AEKA)":[83],"RBLWE-ENC,":[85],"three":[88],"layers":[89],"innovative":[91],"efforts.":[92],"First":[93],"all,":[95],"reformulate":[97],"signal":[99],"processing":[100],"sequence":[101],"within":[102],"major":[104],"arithmetic":[105],"component":[106],"KA-based":[109],"polynomial":[110],"multiplication":[111],"obtain":[115],"new":[117,128],"algorithm.":[118],"Then,":[119],"designed":[122],"algorithm":[125],"into":[126],"accelerator":[130],"with":[131,193,200],"several":[132],"algorithm-to-architecture":[134],"mapping":[135],"techniques.":[136],"Finally,":[137],"conducted":[140],"thorough":[141],"complexity":[142],"analysis":[143],"comparison":[145],"demonstrate":[147],"efficiency":[149],"accelerator,":[153],"e.g.,":[154],"it":[155],"involves":[156],"62.5%":[157],"higher":[158],"throughput":[159],"60.2%":[161],"less":[162],"area-delay":[163],"product":[164],"(ADP)":[165],"than":[166],"state-of-the-art":[168],"design":[169,180],"n":[171],"=512":[172],"(Virtex-7":[173],"device,":[174],"similar":[175],"setup).":[176],"The":[177,210],"AEKA":[179],"strategy":[181],"is":[182,215],"highly":[183],"efficient":[184],"FPGA":[187],"devices,":[188],"i.e.,":[189],"resource":[191],"usage":[192],"superior":[194],"timing,":[195],"which":[196],"can":[197],"be":[198],"integrated":[199],"other":[201],"necessary":[202],"systems":[203],"lightweight-oriented":[205],"high-performance":[206],"(e.g.,":[208],"servers).":[209],"outcome":[211],"work":[214],"also":[216],"expected":[217],"generate":[219],"impacts":[220],"advancement.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}