{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405031567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636534.3690670","title":"Hydra: Attacking OFDM-base Communication System via Metasurfaces Generated Frequency Harmonics","display_name":"Hydra: Attacking OFDM-base Communication System via Metasurfaces Generated Frequency Harmonics","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405031567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636534.3690670"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3636534.3690670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636534.3690670","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3636534.3690670","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3636534.3690670","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051266577","display_name":"Yangfan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9362-1268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141776","display_name":"China XD Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ceqst84","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangfan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest University, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for the Battery-Free Internet of Things, China, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","Xi?an Key Laboratory of Advanced Computing and System Security, China, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9362-1268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest University, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for the Battery-Free Internet of Things, China, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi?an Key Laboratory of Advanced Computing and System Security, China, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014441699","display_name":"Yaxiong Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4258-6655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaxiong Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, Buffalo, US"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4258-6655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, Buffalo, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhihao Hui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8508-4327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086011","display_name":"China International Science and Technology Cooperation","ror":"https://ror.org/00bsdxt65","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086011"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihao Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest University, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","Xi?an Advanced Battery-Free Sensing and Computing Technology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, China, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8508-4327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest University, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi?an Advanced Battery-Free Sensing and Computing Technology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, China, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hao Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0541-3811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet of Things Research Center, Northwest University, China, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","Northwest University, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0541-3811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet of Things Research Center, Northwest University, China, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest University, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100322143","display_name":"Xiaojiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1180-6806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086011","display_name":"China International Science and Technology Cooperation","ror":"https://ror.org/00bsdxt65","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086011"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest University, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for the Battery-Free Internet of Things, China, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","Xi?an Advanced Battery-Free Sensing and Computing Technology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, China, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1180-6806","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest University, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for the Battery-Free Internet of Things, China, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi?an Advanced Battery-Free Sensing and Computing Technology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, China, XI'AN, SHAANXI, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.852,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85513491,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"938","last_page":"952"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.7604354619979858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonics","display_name":"Harmonics","score":0.7176156044006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5634933710098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4340997636318207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.41232308745384216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.4100683629512787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3280995786190033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.27961331605911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17011046409606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07696789503097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.057109713554382324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.7604354619979858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188414643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001183","display_name":"Harmonics","level":3,"score":0.7176156044006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5634933710098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4340997636318207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41232308745384216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4100683629512787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3280995786190033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.27961331605911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17011046409606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07696789503097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.057109713554382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3636534.3690670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636534.3690670","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3636534.3690670","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3636534.3690670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636534.3690670","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3636534.3690670","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3248479348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024RSCXTD05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7032864314","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372374","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7618020768","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372372","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405031567.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405031567.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W1551517259","https://openalex.org/W1964199489","https://openalex.org/W1965843027","https://openalex.org/W1980502833","https://openalex.org/W1991572621","https://openalex.org/W1996872397","https://openalex.org/W2004203064","https://openalex.org/W2012978909","https://openalex.org/W2015079959","https://openalex.org/W2058368894","https://openalex.org/W2090664315","https://openalex.org/W2096999262","https://openalex.org/W2097025901","https://openalex.org/W2110793865","https://openalex.org/W2135842153","https://openalex.org/W2246022170","https://openalex.org/W2740894493","https://openalex.org/W2759897119","https://openalex.org/W2892508882","https://openalex.org/W2896693914","https://openalex.org/W2919002416","https://openalex.org/W2953705619","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W3019032092","https://openalex.org/W3023203298","https://openalex.org/W3035437586","https://openalex.org/W3103820901","https://openalex.org/W3127792423","https://openalex.org/W3131661755","https://openalex.org/W3187236111","https://openalex.org/W3193286416","https://openalex.org/W3208370553","https://openalex.org/W4220877480","https://openalex.org/W4281386777","https://openalex.org/W4308965841","https://openalex.org/W4312410067","https://openalex.org/W4391984118"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039242888","https://openalex.org/W2370517014","https://openalex.org/W2515867587","https://openalex.org/W1838021708","https://openalex.org/W2792339401","https://openalex.org/W2530747331","https://openalex.org/W3097525855","https://openalex.org/W2125564215","https://openalex.org/W4391741972","https://openalex.org/W2535445299"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"Reconfigurable":[1],"Intelligent":[2],"Surfaces":[3],"(RIS)":[4],"have":[5],"been":[6],"shown":[7],"to":[8,30,69,82],"enhance":[9],"OFDM":[10,55,76],"communication":[11,39,59],"performance,":[12],"this":[13],"paper":[14],"unveils":[15],"a":[16,45,108,117],"potential":[17],"security":[18],"concern":[19],"arising":[20],"from":[21,38],"widespread":[22],"RIS":[23,68],"deployment.":[24],"Malicious":[25],"actors":[26],"could":[27],"exploit":[28],"vulnerabilities":[29],"hijack":[31],"or":[32],"deploy":[33],"rogue":[34],"RIS,":[35],"transforming":[36],"them":[37],"boosters":[40],"into":[41],"attackers.":[42],"We":[43,78],"present":[44],"novel":[46],"attack":[47,62,114,123],"that":[48,104],"disrupts":[49],"the":[50,67,74,85,128,135,139],"critical":[51],"orthogonality":[52],"property":[53],"of":[54,73,130],"subcarriers,":[56],"severely":[57],"degrading":[58],"performance.":[60],"This":[61],"is":[63],"achieved":[64],"by":[65],"manipulating":[66],"generate":[70],"frequency-shifted":[71,88],"reflections/harmonics":[72],"original":[75],"signal.":[77],"also":[79],"propose":[80],"algorithms":[81],"simultaneously":[83],"beamform":[84],"multiple":[86],"RIS-generated":[87],"reflections":[89],"towards":[90],"selected":[91],"targets.":[92],"Extensive":[93],"experiments":[94],"conducted":[95],"in":[96,112,121],"indoor,":[97],"outdoor,":[98],"3D,":[99],"and":[100,116,138],"office":[101],"settings":[102],"demonstrate":[103],"Hydra":[105],"can":[106],"achieve":[107],"90%":[109],"throughput":[110,119],"reduction":[111,120],"targeted":[113],"scenarios":[115],"43%":[118],"indiscriminate":[122],"scenarios.":[124],"Furthermore,":[125],"we":[126],"validated":[127],"effectiveness":[129],"our":[131],"attacks":[132],"on":[133],"both":[134],"802.11":[136],"protocol":[137],"5G":[140],"NR":[141],"protocol.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
