{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405014589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636534.3690663","title":"SURF: Eavesdropping on Underwater Communications from the Air","display_name":"SURF: Eavesdropping on Underwater Communications from the Air","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405014589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636534.3690663"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3636534.3690663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636534.3690663","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3636534.3690663","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3636534.3690663","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093668073","display_name":"Poorya Mollahosseini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5008-4582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Poorya Mollahosseini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5008-4582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002109016","display_name":"Sayed Saad Afzal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7244-9542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayed Saad Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7244-9542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081362240","display_name":"Fadel Adib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2593-2069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadel Adib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2593-2069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076487874","display_name":"Yasaman Ghasempour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4494-499X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasaman Ghasempour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4494-499X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.091,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76849953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"815","last_page":"829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.8775510787963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.8709766864776611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.8325941562652588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5398435592651367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5326167345046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4796093702316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustics","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","score":0.4596845805644989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.4291810095310211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.413196861743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.37939971685409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.35934218764305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2589019536972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21876013278961182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15846994519233704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1227867603302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09028869867324829}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.8775510787963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.8709766864776611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.8325941562652588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5398435592651367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5326167345046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4796093702316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.4596845805644989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.4291810095310211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.413196861743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.37939971685409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.35934218764305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2589019536972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21876013278961182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15846994519233704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1227867603302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09028869867324829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3636534.3690663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636534.3690663","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3636534.3690663","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/158064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158064","pdf_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/158064/1/3636534.3690663.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3636534.3690663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636534.3690663","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3636534.3690663","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405014589.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W212983895","https://openalex.org/W1565116524","https://openalex.org/W1993145362","https://openalex.org/W2026564828","https://openalex.org/W2063884165","https://openalex.org/W2099734260","https://openalex.org/W2100866919","https://openalex.org/W2119796942","https://openalex.org/W2128153585","https://openalex.org/W2138897490","https://openalex.org/W2149084654","https://openalex.org/W2300766986","https://openalex.org/W2766177993","https://openalex.org/W2766305950","https://openalex.org/W2846127207","https://openalex.org/W3205415639","https://openalex.org/W3215855611","https://openalex.org/W4205802463","https://openalex.org/W4283219755","https://openalex.org/W4294892051","https://openalex.org/W4302398964","https://openalex.org/W4306179646","https://openalex.org/W4306179797","https://openalex.org/W4313555872","https://openalex.org/W4365137435","https://openalex.org/W4380520301","https://openalex.org/W4385811541","https://openalex.org/W4390901572"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2735682928","https://openalex.org/W1989468614","https://openalex.org/W4233368552","https://openalex.org/W2401753821","https://openalex.org/W2389431337","https://openalex.org/W1259662306","https://openalex.org/W4362661796","https://openalex.org/W2080773525","https://openalex.org/W2765127077","https://openalex.org/W2943759505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"how":[3,158],"an":[4,51,93,106],"airborne":[5,52,94],"node":[6],"can":[7,41,96,199],"eavesdrop":[8],"on":[9,65,132,166],"the":[10,30,57,62,66,98,114,125,133,140,149,167,206],"underwater":[11,37,108,128,170,178,209],"acoustic":[12,25,38,103,210],"communication":[13,63],"between":[14],"submerged":[15],"nodes.":[16],"Conventionally,":[17],"such":[18,153,213],"eavesdropping":[19],"has":[20],"been":[21],"assumed":[22],"impossible":[23],"as":[24],"signals":[26,40,64],"do":[27],"not":[28],"cross":[29],"water-air":[31],"boundary.":[32],"Here,":[33],"we":[34],"demonstrate":[35,91],"that":[36,92,124,198],"communications":[39,211],"be":[42,200],"picked":[43],"up":[44],"and":[45,71,79,85,100,111,136,157,188],"(under":[46],"certain":[47],"conditions)":[48],"decoded":[49],"using":[50],"mmWave":[53],"radar":[54],"due":[55],"to":[56,175,202],"minute":[58],"vibrations":[59],"induced":[60],"by":[61],"water":[67],"surface.":[68],"We":[69,146],"implemented":[70],"evaluated":[72],"a":[73,154,163],"proof-of-concept":[74],"prototype":[75],"of":[76,102,127,152,169,190,208],"our":[77,121,194],"method":[78],"tested":[80],"it":[81],"in":[82],"controlled":[83],"(pool)":[84],"uncontrolled":[86],"environments":[87],"(lake).":[88],"Our":[89],"results":[90,122,160],"device":[95],"identify":[97],"modulation":[99,134],"bitrate":[101],"transmissions":[104],"from":[105],"uncooperative":[107],"transmitter":[109],"(victim),":[110],"even":[112],"decode":[113],"transmitted":[115],"symbols.":[116],"Unlike":[117],"conventional":[118],"over-the-air":[119],"communications,":[120,171],"indicate":[123],"secrecy":[126],"links":[129],"varies":[130],"depending":[131],"type":[135],"provide":[137],"insights":[138],"into":[139],"underlying":[141],"reasons":[142],"behind":[143],"these":[144,159],"differences.":[145],"also":[147],"highlight":[148],"theoretical":[150],"limitations":[151],"threat":[155],"model,":[156],"may":[161],"have":[162],"significant":[164],"impact":[165],"stealthiness":[168,207],"with":[172],"particular":[173],"concern":[174],"submarine":[176],"warfare,":[177],"operations":[179],"(e.g.,":[180],"oil":[181],"&":[182,185],"gas,":[183],"search":[184],"rescue,":[186],"mining),":[187],"conservation":[189],"endangered":[191],"species.":[192],"Finally,":[193],"investigation":[195],"uncovers":[196],"countermeasures":[197],"used":[201],"improve":[203],"or":[204],"restore":[205],"against":[212],"threats.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
