{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389471004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636243.3636256","title":"A Comparative Study of AI-Generated (GPT-4) and Human-crafted MCQs in Programming Education","display_name":"A Comparative Study of AI-Generated (GPT-4) and Human-crafted MCQs in Programming Education","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389471004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636243.3636256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3636243.3636256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636243.3636256","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3636243.3636256","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th Australasian Computing Education Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3636243.3636256","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087407230","display_name":"Jacob Arthur Doughty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5430-7282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Doughty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5430-7282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100706675","display_name":"Zipiao Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5866-2376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zipiao Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5866-2376","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093445850","display_name":"Anishka Bompelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0420-3429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anishka Bompelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0420-3429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093445851","display_name":"Jubahed Qayum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0956-447X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jubahed Qayum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0956-447X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073131854","display_name":"Taozhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7945-0319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taozhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7945-0319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101674372","display_name":"Juran Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8689-0357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juran Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8689-0357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023427175","display_name":"Yujia Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6121-0621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujia Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6121-0621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086212423","display_name":"Aidan Doyle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6260-7517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aidan Doyle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University - LTI, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6260-7517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University - LTI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011447302","display_name":"Pragnya Sridhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2160-288X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pragnya Sridhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University - LTI, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2160-288X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University - LTI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017723217","display_name":"Arav Agarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9848-1663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arav Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9848-1663","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026486394","display_name":"Christopher Bogart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8581-115X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Bogart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8581-115X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089901869","display_name":"Eric Keylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9782-658X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Keylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9782-658X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045076730","display_name":"Can K\u00fclt\u00fcr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6427-4161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Can Kultur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6427-4161","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077762937","display_name":"Jarom\u00edr \u0160avelka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-5456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaromir Savelka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-5456","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102712711","display_name":"Majd Sakr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3739-298X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majd Sakr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3739-298X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087407230"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":31.1981,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":97,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99794556,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"114","last_page":"123"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9632999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.711444616317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6971508264541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4531455636024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.3581783175468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3070984482765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1359546184539795}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.711444616317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6971508264541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4531455636024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3581783175468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3070984482765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1359546184539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3636243.3636256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636243.3636256","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3636243.3636256","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th Australasian Computing Education Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2312.03173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2312.03173","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.03173","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3636243.3636256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3636243.3636256","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3636243.3636256","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th Australasian Computing Education Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389471004.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389471004.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989277800","https://openalex.org/W1996445490","https://openalex.org/W2014989589","https://openalex.org/W2065762074","https://openalex.org/W2162821268","https://openalex.org/W2275056699","https://openalex.org/W2624022918","https://openalex.org/W2757978590","https://openalex.org/W2758591789","https://openalex.org/W2767182834","https://openalex.org/W2805070499","https://openalex.org/W2809326784","https://openalex.org/W2886993012","https://openalex.org/W2887398393","https://openalex.org/W2892260202","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2906432682","https://openalex.org/W2941057185","https://openalex.org/W2962717047","https://openalex.org/W2964087080","https://openalex.org/W2988673764","https://openalex.org/W2989613245","https://openalex.org/W2998196817","https://openalex.org/W3017596848","https://openalex.org/W3022039293","https://openalex.org/W3092999391","https://openalex.org/W3143528227","https://openalex.org/W3155743842","https://openalex.org/W3203318778","https://openalex.org/W4205497773","https://openalex.org/W4226032012","https://openalex.org/W4283705032","https://openalex.org/W4285778212","https://openalex.org/W4286639707","https://openalex.org/W4291476001","https://openalex.org/W4321162272","https://openalex.org/W4323033814","https://openalex.org/W4323037544","https://openalex.org/W4324139371","https://openalex.org/W4327810158","https://openalex.org/W4361019423","https://openalex.org/W4362552584","https://openalex.org/W4366245770","https://openalex.org/W4366808937","https://openalex.org/W4376640309","https://openalex.org/W4379538601","https://openalex.org/W4381587445","https://openalex.org/W4382653968","https://openalex.org/W4382654294","https://openalex.org/W4383046644","https://openalex.org/W4383181289","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4388184398","https://openalex.org/W4390315357","https://openalex.org/W4390490804","https://openalex.org/W4390621416","https://openalex.org/W4391584331","https://openalex.org/W4391826221","https://openalex.org/W4392844946"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2341492732","https://openalex.org/W3187193180","https://openalex.org/W106542691","https://openalex.org/W1699080303","https://openalex.org/W4297799326","https://openalex.org/W3116064965","https://openalex.org/W2207495067","https://openalex.org/W1906486629"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,16],"a":[2,17,121],"constant":[3],"need":[4],"for":[5,42,82],"educators":[6,148],"to":[7,57,102,136,150,158],"develop":[8],"and":[9,33,90,97,125],"maintain":[10],"effective":[11],"up-to-date":[12],"assessments.":[13],"While":[14],"there":[15],"growing":[18],"body":[19],"of":[20,40,55,84,115,153],"research":[21],"in":[22,31,72],"computing":[23],"education":[24],"on":[25],"utilizing":[26],"large":[27],"language":[28],"models":[29,157],"(LLMs)":[30],"generation":[32,83],"engagement":[34],"with":[35,63,118,139],"coding":[36],"exercises,":[37],"the":[38,53,132,140,154],"use":[39],"LLMs":[41],"generating":[43],"programming":[44,70],"MCQs":[45,85,100,117,134],"has":[46],"not":[47],"been":[48],"extensively":[49],"explored.":[50],"We":[51,93,109,128],"analyzed":[52],"capability":[54],"GPT-4":[56,112],"produce":[58],"multiple-choice":[59],"questions":[60],"(MCQs)":[61],"aligned":[62,101],"specific":[64],"learning":[65],"objectives":[66],"(LOs)":[67],"from":[68,86,105],"Python":[69,107],"classes":[71],"higher":[73],"education.":[74],"Specifically,":[75],"we":[76],"developed":[77],"an":[78],"LLM-powered":[79],"(GPT-4)":[80],"system":[81],"high-level":[87],"course":[88],"context":[89],"module-level":[91],"LOs.":[92,141],"evaluated":[94],"651":[95],"LLM-generated":[96],"449":[98],"human-crafted":[99],"246":[103],"LOs":[104],"6":[106],"courses.":[108],"found":[110],"that":[111,131],"was":[113],"capable":[114],"producing":[116],"clear":[119],"language,":[120],"single":[122],"correct":[123],"choice,":[124],"high-quality":[126],"distractors.":[127],"also":[129],"observed":[130],"generated":[133],"appeared":[135],"be":[137,145],"well-aligned":[138],"Our":[142],"findings":[143],"can":[144],"leveraged":[146],"by":[147],"wishing":[149],"take":[151],"advantage":[152],"state-of-the-art":[155],"generative":[156],"support":[159],"MCQ":[160],"authoring":[161],"efforts.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23}],"updated_date":"2026-05-11T08:15:01.531666","created_date":"2023-12-08T00:00:00"}
