{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389268852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3635714","title":"EASE: An Effort-aware Extension of Unsupervised Key Class Identification Approaches","display_name":"EASE: An Effort-aware Extension of Unsupervised Key Class Identification Approaches","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389268852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3635714"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3635714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3635714","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3635714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3635714","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019513297","display_name":"Weifeng Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6055-2185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75059550","display_name":"Zhejiang Gongshang University","ror":"https://ror.org/0569mkk41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weifeng Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024207305","display_name":"Marouane Kessentini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092198","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Flint","ror":"https://ror.org/01c3xc117","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092198"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marouane Kessentini","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Innovation and Technology, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Innovation and Technology, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102765393","display_name":"Hua Ming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-6311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Computer Science, Oakland University, Rochester, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, Oakland University, Rochester, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101995389","display_name":"Zijiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7647-3718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019513297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3565,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86162842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10166","display_name":"Mosquito-borne diseases and control","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.851911187171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6542618274688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6455066800117493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6090160608291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5717332363128662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5561686754226685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.49621468782424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4775986671447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sort","display_name":"sort","score":0.45315811038017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4204232096672058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4176942706108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-metric","display_name":"Software metric","score":0.41723206639289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.32877394556999207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2954816222190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.19439932703971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.15647852420806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10242226719856262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.851911187171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6542618274688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6455066800117493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6090160608291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5717332363128662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5561686754226685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.49621468782424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4775986671447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347599","display_name":"sort","level":2,"score":0.45315811038017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4204232096672058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4176942706108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.41723206639289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32877394556999207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2954816222190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.19439932703971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.15647852420806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10242226719856262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3635714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3635714","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3635714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3635714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3635714","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3635714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1549717387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272412, 62032010, and 62232008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2774812449","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272412","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4450746627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LY22F020007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4476238879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5675372752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62032016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6786717514","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62032010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7033253288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grants","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389268852.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389268852.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123066543","https://openalex.org/W1790099130","https://openalex.org/W1894106053","https://openalex.org/W1902482618","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1965238604","https://openalex.org/W1970656444","https://openalex.org/W1979836908","https://openalex.org/W1989526951","https://openalex.org/W2008149650","https://openalex.org/W2039762965","https://openalex.org/W2041413355","https://openalex.org/W2054210571","https://openalex.org/W2065935256","https://openalex.org/W2067953767","https://openalex.org/W2070787093","https://openalex.org/W2076646346","https://openalex.org/W2095938258","https://openalex.org/W2105776892","https://openalex.org/W2110211228","https://openalex.org/W2119033847","https://openalex.org/W2120457925","https://openalex.org/W2123551785","https://openalex.org/W2128438887","https://openalex.org/W2132762162","https://openalex.org/W2133247167","https://openalex.org/W2136119429","https://openalex.org/W2136921053","https://openalex.org/W2137474386","https://openalex.org/W2142190098","https://openalex.org/W2145913198","https://openalex.org/W2147386665","https://openalex.org/W2157751754","https://openalex.org/W2157943826","https://openalex.org/W2165466912","https://openalex.org/W2169284845","https://openalex.org/W2170917105","https://openalex.org/W2363502047","https://openalex.org/W2530083125","https://openalex.org/W2628313209","https://openalex.org/W2646159910","https://openalex.org/W2742406574","https://openalex.org/W2767190431","https://openalex.org/W2795013017","https://openalex.org/W2809270416","https://openalex.org/W2893857624","https://openalex.org/W2911121806","https://openalex.org/W2911922729","https://openalex.org/W2915605461","https://openalex.org/W2967497827","https://openalex.org/W2980135568","https://openalex.org/W2986567607","https://openalex.org/W4226379277","https://openalex.org/W4226430711","https://openalex.org/W4233730851","https://openalex.org/W4237217008","https://openalex.org/W4240996491","https://openalex.org/W4246553962","https://openalex.org/W4252818263","https://openalex.org/W6678274777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361805396","https://openalex.org/W2972254340","https://openalex.org/W2022231341","https://openalex.org/W1805912688","https://openalex.org/W4255476312","https://openalex.org/W2113265763","https://openalex.org/W2494189957","https://openalex.org/W2116876706","https://openalex.org/W2350290471","https://openalex.org/W1792767331"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Key":[0],"class":[1,52,75,129,134,254],"identification":[2,53,76,255],"approaches":[3,27,77,106,226],"aim":[4],"at":[5],"identifying":[6],"the":[7,17,36,46,82,103,117,125,141,156,179,183,188,204,215,224,270,275],"most":[8,222],"important":[9],"classes":[10,122,161,168,181],"to":[11,38,55,71,78,84,123,130,139,144,154,166,221,236,251,273],"help":[12],"developers,":[13],"especially":[14],"newcomers,":[15],"start":[16],"software":[18,199,238],"comprehension":[19],"process.":[20],"So":[21],"far,":[22],"many":[23],"supervised":[24],"and":[25,107,135,162,178,231,260],"unsupervised":[26,73,105],"have":[28,33],"been":[29],"proposed;":[30],"however,":[31],"they":[32,218,233],"not":[34],"considered":[35],"effort":[37,83,142,174],"comprehend":[39,85,145],"classes.":[40,86,146,191],"In":[41],"this":[42],"article,":[43],"we":[44,59,244,248,266],"identify":[45],"challenge":[47],"of":[48,92,100,121,127,160,197,223],"\u201c":[49],"effort-aware":[50,206,252],"key":[51,74,133,190,253],"\u201d;":[54],"partially":[56],"tackle":[57],"it,":[58],"propose":[60],"an":[61,173],"approach,":[62],"EASE":[63,88,115,148],",":[64,153],"which":[65],"is":[66,176],"implemented":[67],"through":[68],"a":[69,90,97,132,150,195],"modification":[70],"existing":[72,104],"take":[79],"into":[80],"consideration":[81],"First,":[87],"chooses":[89],"set":[91,196],"network":[93,118],"metrics":[94],"that":[95,202,246],"has":[96],"wide":[98],"range":[99],"applications":[101],"in":[102,169,211,257],"also":[108],"possesses":[109],"good":[110],"discriminatory":[111],"power":[112],".":[113],"Second,":[114],"normalizes":[116],"metric":[119],"values":[120],"quantify":[124],"probability":[126],"any":[128],"be":[131],"utilizes":[136],"Cognitive":[137],"Complexity":[138],"estimate":[140],"required":[143],"Third,":[147],"proposes":[149],"metric,":[151],"RKCP":[152],"measure":[155],"relative":[157],"key-class":[158],"proneness":[159],"further":[163],"uses":[164],"it":[165],"sort":[167],"descending":[170],"order.":[171],"Finally,":[172],"threshold":[175,184],"utilized,":[177],"top-ranked":[180],"within":[182],"are":[185,219,234],"identified":[186],"as":[187],"cost-effective":[189],"Empirical":[192],"results":[193],"on":[194,241],"18":[198],"systems":[200],"show":[201],"(i)":[203,247],"proposed":[205],"variants":[207],"perform":[208],"significantly":[209],"better":[210],"almost":[212],"all":[213],"(\u224898.33%)":[214],"cases,":[216],"(ii)":[217,261],"superior":[220],"baseline":[225],"with":[227],"only":[228],"several":[229],"exceptions,":[230],"(iii)":[232],"scalable":[235],"large-scale":[237],"systems.":[239],"Based":[240],"these":[242],"findings,":[243],"suggest":[245],"should":[249,267],"resort":[250],"techniques":[256],"budget-limited":[258],"scenarios;":[259],"when":[262],"using":[263],"different":[264],"techniques,":[265],"carefully":[268],"choose":[269],"weighting":[271],"mechanism":[272],"obtain":[274],"best":[276],"performance.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
