{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390051511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3635706","title":"Deceiving Humans and Machines Alike: Search-based Test Input Generation for DNNs Using Variational Autoencoders","display_name":"Deceiving Humans and Machines Alike: Search-based Test Input Generation for DNNs Using Variational Autoencoders","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390051511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3635706"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3635706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3635706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3635706","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101607518","display_name":"Sungmin Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-5320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sungmin Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063787358","display_name":"Robert Feldt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5179-4205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Feldt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070401254","display_name":"Shin Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0836-6993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shin Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101607518"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2098,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83920645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8229154944419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5922675132751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.5349437594413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5080418586730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4606502056121826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4449385404586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.43912646174430847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4227159321308136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32815951108932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08806642889976501}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8229154944419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5922675132751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.5349437594413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5080418586730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4606502056121826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4449385404586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.43912646174430847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4227159321308136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32815951108932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08806642889976501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3635706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3635706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:541022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/541022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3635706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3635706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3034753964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3198602180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018-0-00769","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3338737308","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2018R1A5A1059921","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6072120315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G690756877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"105992","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8190487336","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A5A1059921","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G982292920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1932198206","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2119112357","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2543296129","https://openalex.org/W2555618208","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2594877703","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2734358244","https://openalex.org/W2744471807","https://openalex.org/W2788241675","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2888307014","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2949736877","https://openalex.org/W2954493283","https://openalex.org/W2954629067","https://openalex.org/W2963058500","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2963969878","https://openalex.org/W2965390715","https://openalex.org/W3005464309","https://openalex.org/W3007157104","https://openalex.org/W3033703941","https://openalex.org/W3088864312","https://openalex.org/W3091412496","https://openalex.org/W3103158293","https://openalex.org/W4237591687","https://openalex.org/W4301003206","https://openalex.org/W4399410307","https://openalex.org/W6809847875"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1185300216","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W2954163146","https://openalex.org/W4224009465","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W2899086345","https://openalex.org/W4286629047","https://openalex.org/W2896057011","https://openalex.org/W4205958290","https://openalex.org/W4384212932"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,52,57,67,72,75,91,155,179,184,197,201],"the":[2,104,108,131,176,195,199,205],"rapid":[3],"adoption":[4],"of":[5,15,43,99,140,164,207],"Deep":[6],"Neural":[7],"Networks":[8],"(DNNs)":[9],"into":[10],"larger":[11],"software":[12],"systems,":[13],"testing":[14,62,158,163],"DNN-based":[16],"systems":[17],"has":[18],"received":[19],"much":[20],"attention":[21],"recently.":[22],"While":[23],"many":[24],"different":[25,166],"test":[26,35],"adequacy":[27],"criteria":[28],"have":[29,194],"been":[30],"suggested,":[31],"we":[32,146],"lack":[33],"effective":[34],"input":[36,112,133],"generation":[37],"techniques.":[38],"Inputs":[39],"such":[40,160],"as":[41,161,190],"images":[42],"real-world":[44],"objects":[45],"and":[46,94,120],"scenes":[47],"are":[48,173,188],"not":[49],"only":[50],"expensive":[51],"collect":[53],"but":[54],"also":[55],"difficult":[56,174],"randomly":[58],"sample.":[59],"Consequently,":[60],"current":[61],"techniques":[63],"for":[64,175],"DNNs":[65,167],"tend":[66],"apply":[68],"small":[69],"local":[70],"perturbations":[71],"existing":[73],"inputs":[74,101],"generate":[76],"new":[77],"inputs.":[78,144],"We":[79],"propose":[80],"SINVAD":[81],"(Search-based":[82],"Input":[83],"space":[84,98,113,134,150,206],"Navigation":[85],"using":[86,116],"Variational":[87,117],"AutoencoDers),":[88],"a":[89,97],"way":[90],"sample":[92],"from,":[93],"navigate":[95],"over,":[96],"realistic":[100,143],"that":[102,130,148,172],"resembles":[103],"true":[105],"distribution":[106],"in":[107],"training":[109],"data.":[110],"Our":[111,127,192],"is":[114,135],"constructed":[115],"Autoencoders":[118],"(VAEs),":[119],"navigated":[121],"through":[122,204],"their":[123],"latent":[124],"vector":[125],"space.":[126],"analysis":[128],"shows":[129],"VAE-based":[132],"well-aligned":[136],"with":[137],"human":[138],"perception":[139],"what":[141],"constitutes":[142],"Further,":[145],"show":[147],"this":[149],"can":[151],"be":[152],"effectively":[153],"searched":[154],"achieve":[156],"various":[157],"scenarios,":[159],"boundary":[162],"two":[165],"or":[168],"analyzing":[169],"class":[170],"labels":[171],"given":[177],"DNN":[178],"distinguish.":[180],"Guidelines":[181],"on":[182],"how":[183],"design":[185],"VAE":[186],"architectures":[187],"presented":[189],"well.":[191],"results":[193],"potential":[196],"open":[198],"field":[200],"meaningful":[202],"exploration":[203],"highly":[208],"structured":[209],"images.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
