{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400121174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3634737.3657014","title":"ConFIDe: A PWM-Driven Control-Fused Intrusion Detection System for Hardware Security in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","display_name":"ConFIDe: A PWM-Driven Control-Fused Intrusion Detection System for Hardware Security in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400121174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3634737.3657014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3634737.3657014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3634737.3657014","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090768617","display_name":"Muneeba Asif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4378-279X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muneeba Asif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering / Analytics for Cyber Defense (ACyD) Lab, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4378-279X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering / Analytics for Cyber Defense (ACyD) Lab, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100648380","display_name":"Mohammad Ashiqur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2963-7430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Ashiqur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering / Analytics for Cyber Defense (ACyD) Lab, Florida International University, Miami, Flordia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2963-7430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering / Analytics for Cyber Defense (ACyD) Lab, Florida International University, Miami, Flordia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078029373","display_name":"Kemal Akkaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-4545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kemal Akkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Knight Foundation School of Computing and Information Sciences / Advanced Wireless and Security (ADWISE) Lab, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-4545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Knight Foundation School of Computing and Information Sciences / Advanced Wireless and Security (ADWISE) Lab, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083579352","display_name":"Ahmad Mohammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6845-1427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169615421","display_name":"Middle Tennessee State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n1hzn07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169615421"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Mohammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6845-1427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169615421"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"886","last_page":"901"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6960170269012451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6270499229431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","score":0.4584893584251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.437724232673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.43737873435020447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-prevention-system","display_name":"Intrusion prevention system","score":0.42917633056640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-system","display_name":"Security system","score":0.41758018732070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32025906443595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2960534691810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24956634640693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11574113368988037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6960170269012451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6270499229431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.4584893584251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.437724232673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.43737873435020447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27061796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion prevention system","level":3,"score":0.42917633056640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984192347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1497831","display_name":"Security system","level":2,"score":0.41758018732070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32025906443595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2960534691810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24956634640693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11574113368988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3634737.3657014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3634737.3657014","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G178977603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H98230-22-1-0327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311089","funder_display_name":"National Security Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3193733059","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-CR0000024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5416897672","display_name":"REU Site: Security of Smart Things","funder_award_id":"2150248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311089","display_name":"National Security Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0047bvr32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W648871171","https://openalex.org/W924455922","https://openalex.org/W1982466846","https://openalex.org/W2008815175","https://openalex.org/W2038642313","https://openalex.org/W2093048429","https://openalex.org/W2238898812","https://openalex.org/W2274096133","https://openalex.org/W2511192821","https://openalex.org/W2804529354","https://openalex.org/W2889987778","https://openalex.org/W2894485563","https://openalex.org/W2937278348","https://openalex.org/W2964532716","https://openalex.org/W2982078879","https://openalex.org/W2996771639","https://openalex.org/W3021118143","https://openalex.org/W3048912858","https://openalex.org/W3104396591","https://openalex.org/W3167680842","https://openalex.org/W3173630589","https://openalex.org/W3181774430","https://openalex.org/W3183117264","https://openalex.org/W3187461039","https://openalex.org/W3204788111","https://openalex.org/W4210327135","https://openalex.org/W4213147678","https://openalex.org/W4213358236","https://openalex.org/W4220686149","https://openalex.org/W4242554523","https://openalex.org/W4250983273","https://openalex.org/W4285047785","https://openalex.org/W4285492508","https://openalex.org/W4285791278","https://openalex.org/W4385067298"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392603527","https://openalex.org/W2390009783","https://openalex.org/W2348767155","https://openalex.org/W1513478798","https://openalex.org/W2388497169","https://openalex.org/W4283700121","https://openalex.org/W1496376327","https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W3120393658","https://openalex.org/W4300599821"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,24,31,36,57,100,105,117,138,176,179,185,188,214,222,225,237],"rise":[2],"in":[3,81,90],"application":[5],"of":[6,61,73,140,178,224],"unmanned":[7],"aerial":[8],"vehicles":[9],"(UAVs),":[10],"security":[11],"concerns":[12],"associated":[13],"with":[14,146],"them":[15],"have":[16],"become":[17],"paramount.":[18],"Similar":[19],"to":[20,49,120,220],"other":[21],"cyber-physical":[22],"systems,":[23],"primary":[25],"working":[26],"principle":[27],"behind":[28],"UAVs":[29],"follows":[30],"sensor-controller-actuation":[32],"cycle.":[33],"Errors":[34],"between":[35],"setpoints":[37],"and":[38,47,59,79,103,143,148],"sensor":[39,134,147,245],"data":[40,150],"are":[41,110],"computed":[42],"through":[43],"a":[44,62,111,168,209,218,229,241],"PID":[45],"controller":[46,149],"translated":[48],"pulse":[50],"width":[51],"modulated":[52],"(PWM)":[53],"signals":[54,75,119,142,189,216],"that":[55,131],"control":[56],"orientation":[58],"movement":[60],"UAV.":[63],"Recent":[64],"research":[65],"has":[66],"demonstrated":[67],"intentional":[68],"electromagnetic":[69],"interference":[70],"(IEMI)-based":[71],"alteration":[72,84,202],"PWM":[74,83,101,118,141,182,201,215],"causing":[76],"unauthorized":[77],"maneuvers":[78],"crashes":[80],"UAVs.":[82,173],"attacks":[85,246],"can":[86,98,115],"be":[87],"carried":[88],"out":[89],"various":[91],"ways.":[92],"For":[93],"instance,":[94],"hardware":[95,210],"Trojans":[96],"(HTs)":[97],"manipulate":[99,121],"signals,":[102,183],"given":[104],"untrusted":[106],"supply":[107],"chain,":[108],"HTs":[109],"critical":[112],"threat.":[113],"Adversaries":[114],"exploit":[116],"UAV":[122,155],"operations":[123],"subtly,":[124],"bypassing":[125],"traditional":[126],"intrusion":[127],"detection":[128],"systems":[129],"(IDSs)":[130],"only":[132],"monitor":[133],"data.":[135],"Therefore,":[136],"ensuring":[137,184],"integrity":[139,177],"their":[144],"correlation":[145],"is":[151],"crucial":[152],"for":[153,172],"end-to-end":[154],"security.":[156],"We":[157,194],"address":[158],"this":[159],"need":[160],"by":[161],"proposing":[162],"ConFIDe":[163,232],"(Control-Fused":[164],"Intrusion":[165],"Detection":[166],"system),":[167],"novel":[169],"defense":[170],"technique":[171],"It":[174],"verifies":[175],"flight":[180],"controller-generated":[181],"motors":[186],"receive":[187],"free":[190],"from":[191],"hidden":[192],"exploits.":[193],"validated":[195],"our":[196],"proposed":[197,226],"IDS":[198,227],"on":[199,217,228,235],"different":[200],"attack":[203,212,238],"scenarios.":[204],"In":[205],"particular,":[206],"we":[207],"implemented":[208],"Trojan":[211],"targeting":[213],"PX4-UAV":[219],"test":[221],"efficacy":[223],"real":[230],"system.":[231],"performed":[233],"well":[234],"all":[236],"scenarios,":[239],"achieving":[240],"high":[242],"ROC-AUC,":[243],"including":[244],"like":[247],"GPS":[248],"spoofing.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}