{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388671982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632957","title":"SAC: An Ultra-Efficient Spin-based Architecture for Compressed DNNs","display_name":"SAC: An Ultra-Efficient Spin-based Architecture for Compressed DNNs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388671982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632957","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3632957","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3632957","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020072616","display_name":"Yunping Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5600-3740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunping Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics and Microprocessors, School of Computy","Institute of Microelectronics and Microprocessors, School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5600-3740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics and Microprocessors, School of Computy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics and Microprocessors, School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100760813","display_name":"Sheng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1710-4060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Science and Technology on Parallel and Distributed Processing Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1710-4060","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Science and Technology on Parallel and Distributed Processing Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Heng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4912-0364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4912-0364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044840341","display_name":"Libo Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7878-3998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Libo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7878-3998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101627322","display_name":"Yi Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9929-6459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9929-6459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.859,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73753687,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7268703579902649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5498504638671875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7268703579902649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5498504638671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632957","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3632957","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632957","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3632957","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5905334316","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172430, 61872374, 62272476","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6847076028","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272476","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8613193636","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172430","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8877506931","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u5b9e\u65f6\u7269\u7406\u6e32\u67d3\u56fe\u5f62\u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61872374","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388671982.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388671982.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1977295328","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W2007339694","https://openalex.org/W2009295681","https://openalex.org/W2035385641","https://openalex.org/W2060969833","https://openalex.org/W2101091847","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2143782233","https://openalex.org/W2145085734","https://openalex.org/W2153233077","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2334564994","https://openalex.org/W2508602506","https://openalex.org/W2512481274","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2555974326","https://openalex.org/W2560615381","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2619510810","https://openalex.org/W2735639288","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2907579173","https://openalex.org/W2913221350","https://openalex.org/W2914905948","https://openalex.org/W2934823379","https://openalex.org/W2935977231","https://openalex.org/W2945146780","https://openalex.org/W2962772649","https://openalex.org/W2963000224","https://openalex.org/W2978794388","https://openalex.org/W2981972129","https://openalex.org/W3002936220","https://openalex.org/W3006140236","https://openalex.org/W3007021488","https://openalex.org/W3087865721","https://openalex.org/W3102800594","https://openalex.org/W3103973606","https://openalex.org/W3105515371","https://openalex.org/W3119368865","https://openalex.org/W3134265729","https://openalex.org/W3150050634","https://openalex.org/W3159782774","https://openalex.org/W3161537920","https://openalex.org/W3174166307","https://openalex.org/W3175589796","https://openalex.org/W3184976412","https://openalex.org/W3198625877","https://openalex.org/W3203341973","https://openalex.org/W4206543223","https://openalex.org/W4206772869","https://openalex.org/W4210956562","https://openalex.org/W4220890919","https://openalex.org/W4224903054","https://openalex.org/W4225418893","https://openalex.org/W4233429846","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4237249260","https://openalex.org/W4251378477","https://openalex.org/W4254658491","https://openalex.org/W4281690156","https://openalex.org/W4281800613","https://openalex.org/W4284965876","https://openalex.org/W4285146087","https://openalex.org/W4290652539","https://openalex.org/W4300378195","https://openalex.org/W4306294937","https://openalex.org/W4313387422","https://openalex.org/W4313467239","https://openalex.org/W4319840113","https://openalex.org/W6725543821","https://openalex.org/W6774638715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655","https://openalex.org/W2359140296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"Neural":[1],"Networks":[2],"(DNNs)":[3],"have":[4,14,47,75,118],"achieved":[5,138],"great":[6],"progress":[7],"in":[8,30,71,268,275],"academia":[9],"and":[10,17,32,52,62,79,102,126,144,179,226,253,271],"industry.":[11],"But":[12],"they":[13],"become":[15],"computational":[16,193,237,276],"memory":[18,100],"intensive":[19],"with":[20,195],"the":[21,40,56,66,69,72,87,94,99,103,112,142,192,210,222,236,280],"increase":[22],"of":[23,105,153,224,239],"network":[24,44,50],"depth.":[25],"Previous":[26],"designs":[27],"seek":[28],"breakthroughs":[29],"software":[31,41,143],"hardware":[33,67,145],"levels":[34],"to":[35,91,98,157,174,190,205,246,279],"mitigate":[36],"these":[37,110],"challenges.":[38],"At":[39,65],"level,":[42,68],"neural":[43],"compression":[45,58,240,258],"techniques":[46],"effectively":[48,76],"reduced":[49,77],"scale":[51],"energy":[53,63,80,128,180],"consumption.":[54,81,181],"However,":[55,82,130],"conventional":[57],"algorithm":[59,188,241],"is":[60,84,132,149],"complex":[61],"intensive.":[64],"improvements":[70],"semiconductor":[73],"process":[74],"power":[78,95,177,269],"it":[83],"difficult":[85],"for":[86,120,170,209],"traditional":[88],"Von-Neumann":[89],"architecture":[90,156,204],"further":[92],"reduce":[93,176,191,235],"consumption,":[96],"due":[97],"wall":[101],"end":[104],"Moore\u2019s":[106],"law.":[107],"To":[108],"overcome":[109],"challenges,":[111],"spintronic":[113],"device":[114],"based":[115],"DNN":[116,155],"machines":[117],"emerged":[119],"their":[121],"non-volatility,":[122],"ultra":[123],"low":[124],"power,":[125],"high":[127],"efficiency.":[129],"there":[131,148],"no":[133,150],"spin-based":[134,154,203],"design":[135,262],"that":[136,220,231],"has":[137],"innovation":[139],"at":[140,286],"both":[141],"level.":[146],"Specifically,":[147,182],"systematic":[151],"study":[152,233],"deploy":[158],"compressed":[159,211],"networks.":[160],"In":[161],"our":[162,232,261],"study,":[163],"we":[164,183,214],"present":[165],"an":[166,287],"ultra-efficient":[167],"Spin-based":[168],"Architecture":[169],"Compressed":[171],"DNNs":[172],"(SAC),":[173],"substantially":[175],"consumption":[178],"propose":[184,201],"a":[185,202,216,265,272],"One-Step":[186],"Compression":[187],"(OSC)":[189],"complexity":[194,238],"minimum":[196],"accuracy":[197],"loss.":[198],"We":[199],"also":[200],"realize":[206],"better":[207],"performance":[208],"network.":[212],"Furthermore,":[213,260],"introduce":[215],"novel":[217],"computation":[218],"flow":[219],"enables":[221],"reuse":[223],"activations":[225],"weights.":[227],"Experimental":[228],"results":[229],"show":[230],"can":[234,263],"from":[242],"\ud835\udcaa(":[243,247],"Tk":[244],"3":[245],"k":[248,251],"2":[249],"log":[250],"),":[252],"achieve":[254],"14\u00d7":[255],"\u223c":[256],"40\u00d7":[257],"ratio.":[259],"attain":[264],"2\u00d7":[266],"enhancement":[267],"efficiency":[270,277],"5\u00d7":[273],"improvement":[274],"compared":[278],"Eyeriss.":[281],"Our":[282],"models":[283],"are":[284],"available":[285],"anonymous":[288],"link":[289],"https://bit.ly/39cdtTa":[290],".":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
