{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390603519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632911","title":"VST-A: A Foundationally Sound Annotation Verifier","display_name":"VST-A: A Foundationally Sound Annotation Verifier","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390603519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632911"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632911","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3632911","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3632911","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035172322","display_name":"Litao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3046-7085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Litao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China / University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3046-7085","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China / University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014455770","display_name":"Jianxing Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1581-9577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxing Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1581-9577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086630703","display_name":"Qinshi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6486-3409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinshi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6486-3409","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004766305","display_name":"Andrew W. Appel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6009-0325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew W. Appel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6009-0325","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066817669","display_name":"Qinxiang Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5678-6538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinxiang Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5678-6538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035172322"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3179,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8905459,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"POPL","first_page":"2069","last_page":"2098"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soundness","display_name":"Soundness","score":0.9470332860946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.7818037271499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assertion","display_name":"Assertion","score":0.7501220107078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7456176280975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-assistant","display_name":"Proof assistant","score":0.7445884943008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6847873330116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6806124448776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.42819884419441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.41658687591552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.41622394323349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3446519374847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21576324105262756}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.9470332860946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.7818037271499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40422974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741248","display_name":"Assertion","level":2,"score":0.7501220107078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7456176280975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203265346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11387554","display_name":"Proof assistant","level":3,"score":0.7445884943008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6847873330116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6806124448776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.42819884419441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.41658687591552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.41622394323349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3446519374847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21576324105262756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632911","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3632911","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632911","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3632911","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5598917923","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR001120C0160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390603519.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390603519.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W327452528","https://openalex.org/W564852913","https://openalex.org/W1522519483","https://openalex.org/W1533964197","https://openalex.org/W1565541828","https://openalex.org/W1599039905","https://openalex.org/W1606177908","https://openalex.org/W1820726602","https://openalex.org/W2013562423","https://openalex.org/W2023035194","https://openalex.org/W2026575038","https://openalex.org/W2045388381","https://openalex.org/W2045900383","https://openalex.org/W2069300761","https://openalex.org/W2081281361","https://openalex.org/W2124192263","https://openalex.org/W2130427425","https://openalex.org/W2134801812","https://openalex.org/W2137628566","https://openalex.org/W2157109596","https://openalex.org/W2166666675","https://openalex.org/W2170612356","https://openalex.org/W2213989452","https://openalex.org/W2403724605","https://openalex.org/W2562833768","https://openalex.org/W2596377803","https://openalex.org/W2765411061","https://openalex.org/W2767258384","https://openalex.org/W2785797961","https://openalex.org/W2792757320","https://openalex.org/W2839528116","https://openalex.org/W2901454403","https://openalex.org/W2972221491","https://openalex.org/W2995269103","https://openalex.org/W2996703997","https://openalex.org/W3125985216","https://openalex.org/W3136796399","https://openalex.org/W3174107386","https://openalex.org/W3185902186","https://openalex.org/W4210727445","https://openalex.org/W4226100314","https://openalex.org/W4233381151","https://openalex.org/W4281711013","https://openalex.org/W4315630928","https://openalex.org/W4387994757","https://openalex.org/W4390605288","https://openalex.org/W6967964281"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498103021","https://openalex.org/W1511249877","https://openalex.org/W2466303427","https://openalex.org/W1578828174","https://openalex.org/W2000943029","https://openalex.org/W2166150865","https://openalex.org/W4390603519","https://openalex.org/W2972221491","https://openalex.org/W2751020377","https://openalex.org/W3158407919"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Program":[0],"verifiers":[1,44,54],"for":[2,169],"imperative":[3],"languages":[4,58],"such":[5,40,136],"as":[6,41],"C":[7,104],"may":[8],"be":[9,199],"annotation-based":[10],",":[11],"in":[12,36,134,155,159,164],"which":[13,142],"assertions":[14],"and":[15,22,49,59,112,132,138,151,161],"invariants":[16],"are":[17,33],"put":[18],"into":[19,106,117],"source":[20],"files":[21],"then":[23],"checked,":[24,201],"or":[25],"tactic-based,":[26],"where":[27],"proof":[28,38,82,168,196,210,219],"scripts":[29],"separate":[30],"from":[31],"programs":[32],"interactively":[34],"developed":[35],"a":[37],"assistant":[39],"Coq.":[42,165],"Annotation":[43],"have":[45,55],"been":[46],"more":[47,145],"automated":[48],"convenient,":[50],"but":[51,85,202],"some":[52],"interactive":[53],"richer":[56],"assertion":[57,74,191],"formal":[60,80],"proofs":[61,92],"of":[62,76,83,175,183,188,216],"soundness.":[63],"We":[64],"present":[65],"VST-A,":[66],"an":[67],"annotation":[68],"verifier":[69],"that":[70],"uses":[71],"the":[72,79,176,189,203,213,217],"rich":[73,190],"language":[75],"VST,":[77,84],"leverages":[78],"soundness":[81,167,181],"allows":[86,205],"users":[87,206],"to":[88,124,147,207],"describe":[89],"functional":[90],"correctness":[91],"intuitively":[93],"by":[94],"inserting":[95],"assertions.":[96],"VST-A":[97,135,144],"analyzes":[98],"control":[99,107],"flow":[100,108],"graphs,":[101],"decomposes":[102],"every":[103],"function":[105],"paths":[109],"between":[110],"assertions,":[111],"reduces":[113],"program":[114,127],"verification":[115,128],"problems":[116],"corresponding":[118],"straightline":[119],"Hoare":[120,185],"triples":[121],".":[122],"Compared":[123],"existing":[125],"foundational":[126],"tools":[129],"like":[130],"VST":[131],"Iris,":[133],"decompositions":[137],"reductions":[139],"can":[140,198],"nonstructural,":[141],"makes":[143],"flexible":[146],"use.":[148],"VST-A\u2019s":[149],"decomposition":[150],"reduction":[152,170],"is":[153,171],"defined":[154],"Coq,":[156,160],"proved":[157],"sound":[158],"computed":[162],"call-by-value":[163],"The":[166],"totally":[172],"logical,":[173],"independent":[174],"complicated":[177],"semantic":[178],"model":[179],"(and":[180],"proof)":[182],"VST\u2019s":[184],"triple.":[186],"Because":[187],"language,":[192],"not":[193],"all":[194],"reduced":[195],"goals":[197,211],"automatically":[200],"system":[204],"prove":[208],"residual":[209],"using":[212],"full":[214],"power":[215],"Coq":[218],"assistant.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
