{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400449164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632775.3662164","title":"Untangling Carbon-free Energy Attribution and Carbon Intensity Estimation for Carbon-aware Computing","display_name":"Untangling Carbon-free Energy Attribution and Carbon Intensity Estimation for Carbon-aware Computing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400449164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632775.3662164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632775.3662164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632775.3662164","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 15th ACM International Conference on Future and Sustainable Energy Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632775.3662164","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080184328","display_name":"Diptyaroop Maji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8561-9659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Diptyaroop Maji","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048736480","display_name":"Noman Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9304-910X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noman Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059310848","display_name":"David Irwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1722-4927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Irwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032939724","display_name":"Prashant Shenoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5435-1901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prashant Shenoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037538509","display_name":"Ramesh K. Sitaraman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0558-6875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh K. Sitaraman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080184328"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0439,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76303837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"580","last_page":"588"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-fibers","display_name":"Carbon fibers","score":0.74355548620224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribution","display_name":"Attribution","score":0.5130635499954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.4862998425960541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48506346344947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.43535637855529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.42939409613609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3351527750492096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1324460208415985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1252535581588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10108640789985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09157150983810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08657371997833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08249625563621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.07366198301315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.0718543529510498}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.74355548620224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.5130635499954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4862998425960541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48506346344947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.43535637855529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.42939409613609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3351527750492096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1324460208415985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1252535581588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10108640789985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09157150983810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08657371997833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08249625563621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07366198301315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0718543529510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632775.3662164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632775.3662164","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 15th ACM International Conference on Future and Sustainable Energy Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632775.3662164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632775.3662164","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 15th ACM International Conference on Future and Sustainable Energy Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1857720712","https://openalex.org/W2010783205","https://openalex.org/W2068321168","https://openalex.org/W2135390064","https://openalex.org/W2169585909","https://openalex.org/W2753012463","https://openalex.org/W2763665145","https://openalex.org/W2904551500","https://openalex.org/W2991868673","https://openalex.org/W2994698681","https://openalex.org/W3096890073","https://openalex.org/W3099773342","https://openalex.org/W3106325261","https://openalex.org/W3128230503","https://openalex.org/W3175111539","https://openalex.org/W3208379186","https://openalex.org/W3210174799","https://openalex.org/W4281997479","https://openalex.org/W4310881859"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035546108","https://openalex.org/W2376361520","https://openalex.org/W2133328864","https://openalex.org/W2093949997","https://openalex.org/W2570200690","https://openalex.org/W2389726244","https://openalex.org/W3030478661","https://openalex.org/W2323536476","https://openalex.org/W2104624653","https://openalex.org/W2128730003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"organizations,":[1],"including":[2],"governments,":[3],"utilities,":[4],"and":[5,19,62,72,78,105,130,137,180,188],"businesses,":[6],"have":[7],"set":[8],"ambitious":[9],"targets":[10],"to":[11,35,43,125,142,149,177],"reduce":[12],"carbon":[13,73,82,89,102,128,146,152,164,191],"emissions":[14,129],"for":[15,45,169],"their":[16,127,132,151],"Environmental,":[17],"Social,":[18],"Governance":[20],"(ESG)":[21],"goals.":[22],"To":[23],"achieve":[24],"these":[25,27,57],"targets,":[26],"organizations":[28,109,122],"increasingly":[29],"use":[30,42],"power":[31],"purchase":[32],"agreements":[33],"(PPAs)":[34],"obtain":[36],"renewable":[37,94,117,185],"energy":[38,48,95,118,186],"credits,":[39],"which":[40],"they":[41],"compensate":[44],"the":[46,51,54,80,92,162,184,189],"\u201cbrown\u201d":[47],"consumed":[49],"from":[50],"grid.":[52],"However,":[53],"details":[55],"of":[56,116,173],"PPAs":[58,124],"are":[59],"often":[60,85],"private":[61],"not":[63],"shared":[64],"with":[65,123],"important":[66],"stakeholders,":[67],"such":[68],"as":[69],"grid":[70,101],"operators":[71],"information":[74],"services,":[75],"who":[76],"monitor":[77],"report":[79],"grid\u2019s":[81,163],"emissions.":[83],"This":[84],"results":[86],"in":[87],"incorrect":[88,190],"accounting,":[90],"where":[91],"same":[93],"production":[96,119],"could":[97,120],"be":[98],"factored":[99],"into":[100],"emission":[103],"reports":[104],"separately":[106],"claimed":[107],"by":[108,166],"that":[110],"own":[111],"PPAs.":[112,170],"Such":[113],"\u201cdouble":[114],"counting\u201d":[115],"lead":[121],"understate":[126],"overstate":[131],"progress":[133],"toward":[134],"sustainability":[135],"goals,":[136],"also":[138],"provide":[139],"significant":[140],"challenges":[141],"consumers":[143],"using":[144],"common":[145],"reduction":[147],"measures":[148],"decrease":[150],"footprint.":[153],"Unfortunately,":[154],"there":[155],"is":[156,176],"no":[157],"consensus":[158],"on":[159,183],"accurately":[160],"computing":[161],"intensity":[165,192],"properly":[167],"accounting":[168],"The":[171],"goal":[172],"our":[174],"work":[175],"shed":[178],"quantitative":[179],"qualitative":[181],"light":[182],"attribution":[187],"estimation":[193],"problems.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}