{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401358001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632621.3671431","title":"Why Do They Drop? An Analysis of Withdrawal Reasons and Data-informed Personas in Introductory Computer Science","display_name":"Why Do They Drop? An Analysis of Withdrawal Reasons and Data-informed Personas in Introductory Computer Science","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401358001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632621.3671431"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632621.3671431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632621.3671431","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014845594","display_name":"Shalaunda Reeves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6312-5298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shalaunda M. Reeves","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6312-5298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026817691","display_name":"P. Roy Choudhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0339-0161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratap Roy Choudhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0339-0161","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012522509","display_name":"J. Mirecki Millunchick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-1585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanna M. Millunchick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-1585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11444376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"546","last_page":"546"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14074","display_name":"Persona Design and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14074","display_name":"Persona Design and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11024","display_name":"Information Systems Theories and Implementation","score":0.9271000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drop-out","display_name":"Drop out","score":0.6668714284896851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5641716122627258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/persona","display_name":"Persona","score":0.5154805779457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drop","display_name":"Drop (telecommunication)","score":0.439799040555954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3528502583503723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.17193245887756348}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984949393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1260241","display_name":"Drop out","level":2,"score":0.6668714284896851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5641716122627258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C313442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778556","display_name":"Persona","level":2,"score":0.5154805779457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781345722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308388","display_name":"Drop (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.439799040555954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3528502583503723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.17193245887756348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632621.3671431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632621.3671431","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140405352","https://openalex.org/W2146351927","https://openalex.org/W2799837083","https://openalex.org/W4226487405","https://openalex.org/W4229584759","https://openalex.org/W4310354508"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2795366572","https://openalex.org/W2886588594","https://openalex.org/W3005214328","https://openalex.org/W2920961600","https://openalex.org/W3091061106","https://openalex.org/W2015403104","https://openalex.org/W1760458529","https://openalex.org/W2549725516"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Developers":[0],"use":[1],"personas":[2,25,35,74,254,353],"to":[3,63,77,109,139,150,155,280,356,390,422,439,454,466,470],"imagine":[4],"how":[5],"users":[6],"engage":[7],"with":[8,71,228,345],"and":[9,163,204,246,270,287,296,301,349,377,393,444,460,464],"value":[10,159,203,298,416],"a":[11,54,176,259],"designed":[12],"artifact.":[13],"[2][5]":[14],"While":[15],"not":[16,99,304,362],"typically":[17,208],"used":[18,62,172],"in":[19,29,105,147,326,371,384,412],"this":[20],"context,":[21],"we":[22],"propose":[23],"that":[24,89,184,324,360,380,441],"could":[26,185],"be":[27,186,369,410],"helpful":[28],"course":[30,386,419,437],"design.":[31],"This":[32,59,334],"study":[33],"created":[34,76],"for":[36,43,80,212,222,401],"struggling":[37],"students":[38,120,402,424],"by":[39,257],"analyzing":[40],"self-reported":[41],"reasons":[42,211],"dropping":[44],"two":[45,253],"introductory":[46],"computer":[47],"science":[48],"courses":[49],"over":[50],"three":[51,145,191],"semesters":[52],"at":[53],"large":[55],"R1":[56],"public":[57],"university.":[58],"data":[60],"was":[61,115],"identify":[64],"student":[65,72,91,148,373,395],"motivation":[66,149],"patterns":[67],"and,":[68,398],"when":[69],"combined":[70],"demographics,":[73],"were":[75,234],"guide":[78],"recommendations":[79],"redesigning":[81],"these":[82,232],"courses.":[83],"Statistical":[84],"analysis":[85,216],"(N=":[86],"268)":[87],"shows":[88,218],"most":[90,339,456],"populations":[92],"(women,":[93],"first-generation,":[94,348],"low-income,":[95],"underrepresented,":[96],"etc.)":[97],"did":[98],"show":[100],"any":[101],"statistically":[102],"significant":[103],"differences":[104],"drop":[106,123,141],"rates":[107,124],"compared":[108],"the":[110,160,164,190,229,327,338,342,357,385,415,418,436,442,448,455],"average.":[111],"The":[112,251],"only":[113],"exception":[114],"among":[116],"different":[117],"majors;":[118],"undeclared":[119],"had":[121,128],"higher":[122],"while":[125],"computing":[126],"majors":[127],"lower":[129],"rates.":[130],"We":[131,171],"applied":[132],"Eccles'":[133],"Expectancy":[134],"Value":[135],"Theory":[136],"(EVT)":[137],"[3]":[138],"understand":[140],"reasons.":[142],"EVT":[143],"identifies":[144],"dimensions":[146,192],"persist:":[151],"they":[152],"must":[153,408],"expect":[154],"do":[156],"well":[157],"(expectancy),":[158],"outcome":[161],"(value),":[162],"task":[165],"cannot":[166],"cost":[167,205,302,328],"too":[168],"much":[169,308],"(cost).":[170],"zero-shot":[173],"classification":[174],"from":[175],"RoBERTa":[177],"model":[178],"[1],":[179],"which":[180,223],"found":[181],"51":[182],"labels":[183,197,224,278,295,316],"directly":[187],"mapped":[188],"onto":[189],"of":[193,262,417,450],"EVT.":[194],"Unsurprisingly,":[195],"expectancy":[196,263,294,315,400],"appear":[198,225],"twice":[199],"as":[200,202,266,283,285,404,426],"often":[201],"labels.":[206,310],"Students":[207],"report":[209],"multiple":[210],"dropping.":[213],"K-means":[214],"clustering":[215],"[4]":[217],"four":[219],"distinct":[220],"clusters":[221,233],"together.":[226],"Combined":[227],"demographic":[230],"data,":[231],"synthesized":[235],"into":[236],"personas:":[237],"Disliking":[238,274,427],"Daniel":[239,275,428],"(most":[240],"common),":[241],"Struggling":[242,405],"Stef,":[243],"Switching":[244,290,430],"Sylvan,":[245],"Overwhelmed":[247,311,472],"Olivia":[248,312],"(least":[249],"common).":[250],"first":[252],"are":[255,446],"characterized":[256],"having":[258],"high":[260],"frequency":[261],"labels,":[264],"such":[265,282,403,425],"\u201cnot":[267,284,288],"doing":[268],"well,\u201d":[269],"\u201ccannot":[271],"handle.\u201d":[272],"But":[273],"also":[276,337,409],"has":[277,292,313,387],"related":[279],"value,":[281],"expected,\u201d":[286],"liking.\u201d":[289],"Sylvan":[291],"fewer":[293],"more":[297,323,346],"(\u201cchanging":[299],"major\u201d)":[300],"(\u201cdo":[303],"have":[305],"time,\u201d":[306],"\u201ctoo":[307],"work\u201d)":[309],"many":[314],"(poor":[317],"grades,":[318],"tough":[319],"assignments),":[320],"but":[321],"even":[322],"fall":[325],"category":[329],"(\u201ctime":[330],"commitment,\u201d":[331],"\u201chealth":[332],"issues\u201d).":[333],"cluster":[335],"is":[336,452],"demographically":[340],"unlike":[341],"other":[343],"personas,":[344],"women,":[347],"nonwhite":[350],"students.":[351],"These":[352],"suggest":[354],"modifications":[355],"learning":[358,458],"experience":[359],"would":[361],"degrade":[363],"quality":[364],"or":[365,429],"technical":[366],"excellence":[367],"yet":[368],"proactive":[370],"supporting":[372],"success.":[374],"Creating":[375],"short":[376],"straightforward":[378],"assignments":[379,463],"build":[381,391],"mastery":[382],"early":[383],"been":[388],"shown":[389],"self-efficacy":[392],"bolster":[394],"performance":[396],"[6]":[397],"thus,":[399],"Stef.":[406],"Instructors":[407],"vigilant":[411],"constantly":[413],"reiterating":[414],"materials,":[420],"especially":[421],"retain":[423],"Sylvan.":[431],"Finally,":[432],"instructors":[433],"should":[434],"reevaluate":[435],"expectations":[438],"ensure":[440],"load":[443],"pace":[445],"reasonable,":[447],"number":[449],"topics":[451],"limited":[453],"important":[457],"objectives,":[459],"highly":[461],"curate":[462],"projects":[465],"match":[467],"those":[468],"objectives":[469],"support":[471],"Olivia.":[473]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}