{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401379837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632620.3671116","title":"The Widening Gap: The Benefits and Harms of Generative AI for Novice Programmers","display_name":"The Widening Gap: The Benefits and Harms of Generative AI for Novice Programmers","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401379837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632620.3671116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632620.3671116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632620.3671116","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632620.3671116","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065053503","display_name":"James Prather","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-6042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60205797","display_name":"Abilene Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/004srrf86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Prather","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abilene Christian University, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-6042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abilene Christian University, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071345488","display_name":"Brent N. Reeves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5781-1136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60205797","display_name":"Abilene Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/004srrf86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brent N Reeves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abilene Christian University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5781-1136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abilene Christian University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041367899","display_name":"Juho Leinonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6829-9449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juho Leinonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6829-9449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042822346","display_name":"Stephen MacNeil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2781-6619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen MacNeil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temple University, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2781-6619","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temple University, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030533178","display_name":"Arisoa S. Randrianasolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-1820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60205797","display_name":"Abilene Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/004srrf86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arisoa S Randrianasolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abilene Christian University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-1820","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abilene Christian University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054692443","display_name":"Brett A. Becker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-647X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brett A. Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-647X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032143740","display_name":"Bailey Kimmel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6655-0564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60205797","display_name":"Abilene Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/004srrf86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bailey Kimmel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abilene Christian University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6655-0564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abilene Christian University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098937121","display_name":"Jared Wright","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60205797","display_name":"Abilene Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/004srrf86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jared Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abilene Christian University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0255-8989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abilene Christian University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098937122","display_name":"Ben Briggs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60205797","display_name":"Abilene Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/004srrf86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Briggs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abilene Christian University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8001-4714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abilene Christian University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065053503"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60205797"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":51.8191,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":133,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99839602,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"469","last_page":"486"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9621999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.7216470241546631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7009991407394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30369168519973755}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.7216470241546631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7009991407394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30369168519973755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632620.3671116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632620.3671116","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/131090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/2ec78111-dd4b-4a87-a416-6e8087db566c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401663","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3632620.3671116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3632620.3671116","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197269545","https://openalex.org/W1970098188","https://openalex.org/W1999257446","https://openalex.org/W2053125339","https://openalex.org/W2065276745","https://openalex.org/W2407505401","https://openalex.org/W2517261848","https://openalex.org/W2747427841","https://openalex.org/W2783732587","https://openalex.org/W2795380240","https://openalex.org/W2885271276","https://openalex.org/W2912010641","https://openalex.org/W2916601118","https://openalex.org/W2917712284","https://openalex.org/W2947767360","https://openalex.org/W3013980114","https://openalex.org/W3048016185","https://openalex.org/W3176933351","https://openalex.org/W4211263275","https://openalex.org/W4213447331","https://openalex.org/W4225108562","https://openalex.org/W4247590305","https://openalex.org/W4283705032","https://openalex.org/W4289731714","https://openalex.org/W4317502110","https://openalex.org/W4317502144","https://openalex.org/W4323033692","https://openalex.org/W4323033785","https://openalex.org/W4323033814","https://openalex.org/W4362659486","https://openalex.org/W4380353816","https://openalex.org/W4381587445","https://openalex.org/W4382654294","https://openalex.org/W4384026590","https://openalex.org/W4386099272","https://openalex.org/W4386584937","https://openalex.org/W4386587098","https://openalex.org/W4388850769","https://openalex.org/W4389210056","https://openalex.org/W4390315357","https://openalex.org/W4390490759","https://openalex.org/W4390490875","https://openalex.org/W4390621457","https://openalex.org/W4390985631","https://openalex.org/W4391584331","https://openalex.org/W4392023437","https://openalex.org/W4392539404","https://openalex.org/W4392542517","https://openalex.org/W4392563703","https://openalex.org/W4392564649","https://openalex.org/W4392564669","https://openalex.org/W4392564770","https://openalex.org/W4396832139","https://openalex.org/W4396833115","https://openalex.org/W4396833177","https://openalex.org/W4396896417","https://openalex.org/W4400267629","https://openalex.org/W4400267690","https://openalex.org/W7023457965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2380075625","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Novice":[0],"programmers":[1],"often":[2,238],"struggle":[3,182],"through":[4],"programming":[5,67,80,115,155],"problem":[6,38,116,244],"solving":[7,117,245],"due":[8],"to":[9,77,103,185,188,195,200,271],"a":[10,41,109],"lack":[11],"of":[12,36,44,54,131,149,166,259],"metacognitive":[13,26,219,233],"awareness":[14],"and":[15,90,119,135,173,197,222,229,254,277],"strategies.":[16],"Previous":[17],"research":[18],"has":[19,100],"shown":[20],"that":[21,112,216,223],"novices":[22,64,141],"can":[23,73,226],"encounter":[24],"multiple":[25],"difficulties":[27,57,220],"while":[28],"programming,":[29],"such":[30],"as":[31],"forming":[32],"incorrect":[33,204],"conceptual":[34],"models":[35],"the":[37,153,164,273],"or":[39,203],"having":[40],"false":[42],"sense":[43],"progress":[45],"after":[46],"testing":[47],"their":[48,60,243],"solution.":[49],"Novices":[50],"are":[51,58,65,142],"typically":[52],"unaware":[53],"how":[55,140],"these":[56],"hindering":[59],"progress.":[61],"Meanwhile,":[62],"many":[63],"now":[66],"with":[68,144,256],"generative":[69],"AI":[70],"(GenAI),":[71],"which":[72],"provide":[74],"complete":[75],"solutions":[76],"most":[78],"introductory":[79],"problems,":[81],"code":[82,191,206],"suggestions,":[83],"hints":[84],"for":[85,209,280],"next":[86],"steps":[87],"when":[88],"stuck,":[89],"explain":[91],"cryptic":[92],"error":[93],"messages.":[94],"Its":[95],"impact":[96],"on":[97,262],"novice":[98,114,274],"metacognition":[99],"only":[101],"started":[102],"be":[104],"explored.":[105],"Here":[106],"we":[107,138,268],"replicate":[108],"previous":[110],"study":[111],"examined":[113],"behavior":[118],"extend":[120],"it":[121],"by":[122],"incorporating":[123],"GenAI":[124,145,167,187,224,275],"tools.":[125,146],"Through":[126],"21":[127,150],"lab":[128],"sessions":[129],"consisting":[130],"participant":[132],"observation,":[133],"interview,":[134],"eye":[136],"tracking,":[137],"explore":[139],"coding":[143],"Although":[147],"20":[148],"students":[151,170,178,210,237],"completed":[152],"assigned":[154],"problem,":[156],"our":[157,213,263],"findings":[158,214],"show":[159],"an":[160,257],"unfortunate":[161],"divide":[162],"in":[163],"use":[165,186],"tools":[168],"between":[169],"who":[171,179,211],"did":[172,174,180],"not":[175,181],"struggle.":[176],"Some":[177],"were":[183,198],"able":[184,199],"accelerate,":[189],"creating":[190],"they":[192,248,252],"already":[193],"intended":[194],"make,":[196],"ignore":[201],"unhelpful":[202],"inline":[205],"suggestions.":[207],"But":[208],"struggled,":[212],"indicate":[215],"previously":[217],"known":[218],"persist,":[221],"unfortunately":[225],"compound":[227],"them":[228],"even":[230],"introduce":[231],"new":[232],"difficulties.":[234],"Furthermore,":[235],"struggling":[236],"expressed":[239],"cognitive":[240],"dissonance":[241],"about":[242],"ability,":[246],"thought":[247],"performed":[249],"better":[250],"than":[251],"did,":[253],"finished":[255],"illusion":[258],"competence.":[260],"Based":[261],"observations":[264],"from":[265],"both":[266],"groups,":[267],"propose":[269],"ways":[270],"scaffold":[272],"experience":[276],"make":[278],"suggestions":[279],"future":[281],"work.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":101},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-25T08:17:42.794288","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}