{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399605374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630744.3663610","title":"Towards Safer Online Spaces: Deep Learning for Hate Speech Detection in Code-Mixed Social Media Conversations","display_name":"Towards Safer Online Spaces: Deep Learning for Hate Speech Detection in Code-Mixed Social Media Conversations","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399605374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630744.3663610"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3630744.3663610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630744.3663610","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3630744.3663610","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Proceedings of the 16th ACM Web Science Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3630744.3663610","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091033029","display_name":"Supriya Chanda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6344-8772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56404289","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology BHU","ror":"https://ror.org/01kh5gc44","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56404289","https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Supriya Chanda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6344-8772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56404289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099112809","display_name":"Abhishek Dhaka","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Dhaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of CSE, B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3978-9591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of CSE, B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079376020","display_name":"Sukomal Pal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8743-9830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56404289","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology BHU","ror":"https://ror.org/01kh5gc44","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56404289","https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sukomal Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8743-9830","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56404289"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.658,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66115773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"103","last_page":"109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13959","display_name":"Swearing, Euphemism, Multilingualism","score":0.902400016784668,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6857246160507202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5957091450691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safer","display_name":"SAFER","score":0.5682274699211121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5601704120635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hindi","display_name":"Hindi","score":0.5361523628234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4989182949066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4732685089111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3351944088935852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3343132734298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.32444965839385986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2591208815574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11310160160064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09952101111412048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6857246160507202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5957091450691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.5682274699211121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5601704120635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519982507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568","display_name":"Hindi","level":2,"score":0.5361523628234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4989182949066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4732685089111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3351944088935852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3343132734298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32444965839385986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2591208815574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11310160160064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09952101111412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3630744.3663610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630744.3663610","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3630744.3663610","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Proceedings of the 16th ACM Web Science Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3630744.3663610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630744.3663610","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3630744.3663610","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Proceedings of the 16th ACM Web Science Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399605374.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399605374.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W80056832","https://openalex.org/W1071251684","https://openalex.org/W2340954483","https://openalex.org/W2600111000","https://openalex.org/W2900796872","https://openalex.org/W3000571327","https://openalex.org/W3013027210","https://openalex.org/W4309947476"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2953205341","https://openalex.org/W235065745","https://openalex.org/W2029935773","https://openalex.org/W2787754950","https://openalex.org/W1572215850","https://openalex.org/W1985775355","https://openalex.org/W2352115286","https://openalex.org/W2084793300","https://openalex.org/W2476350415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,104],"the":[1,4,13,64,80,96,125,139],"midst":[2],"of":[3,7,16,66,82,129,141],"widespread":[5],"adoption":[6],"technology,":[8],"particularly":[9],"among":[10],"younger":[11],"generations,":[12],"increasing":[14],"prevalence":[15],"hate":[17,41,53,146],"speech":[18,42,54,147],"online":[19,157],"has":[20,50],"become":[21],"a":[22,37,57,67,110,135],"pressing":[23],"global":[24],"concern.":[25],"This":[26],"research":[27,49,133],"paper":[28],"aims":[29],"to":[30,124,138],"address":[31],"this":[32,105,132],"urgent":[33],"issue":[34],"by":[35],"conducting":[36],"thorough":[38],"investigation":[39],"into":[40,79,94],"detection":[43,148],"in":[44,100,113],"Hindi-English":[45],"code-mixed":[46],"data.":[47],"Existing":[48],"largely":[51],"approached":[52],"recognition":[55],"as":[56],"text":[58],"classification":[59,81],"problem,":[60],"focusing":[61],"on":[62,71,91],"predicting":[63],"class":[65],"message":[68],"based":[69],"solely":[70],"its":[72],"textual":[73],"content.":[74],"Our":[75],"task,":[76],"however,":[77],"delves":[78],"hateful":[83],"content":[84],"disseminated":[85],"through":[86],"tweets,":[87],"comments,":[88],"and":[89,143,159],"replies":[90],"Twitter,":[92],"taking":[93],"account":[95],"contextual":[97,107],"intricacies":[98],"inherent":[99],"social":[101],"media":[102],"communication.":[103],"context,":[106],"nuances":[108],"play":[109],"crucial":[111],"role":[112],"understanding":[114],"communication":[115],"dynamics.":[116],"By":[117],"employing":[118],"state-of-the-art":[119],"deep":[120],"learning":[121],"techniques":[122],"tailored":[123],"unique":[126],"linguistic":[127],"characteristics":[128],"each":[130],"language,":[131],"makes":[134],"significant":[136],"contribution":[137],"development":[140],"robust":[142],"culturally":[144],"sensitive":[145],"systems.":[149],"Such":[150],"systems":[151],"are":[152],"essential":[153],"for":[154],"creating":[155],"safer":[156],"environments":[158],"promoting":[160],"cross-cultural":[161],"understanding.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-25T07:29:55.448023","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}