{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399362975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658912","title":"Operationalizing the Search for Less Discriminatory Alternatives in Fair Lending","display_name":"Operationalizing the Search for Less Discriminatory Alternatives in Fair Lending","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399362975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3630106.3658912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658912","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3630106.3658912","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3630106.3658912","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079596685","display_name":"Talia B. Gillis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8084-5158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talia B Gillis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8084-5158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017520735","display_name":"Vitaly Meursault","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8673-6294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57502794","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/02gsb6172","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I57502794"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vitaly Meursault","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Research Department, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8673-6294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Research Department, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57502794"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040537492","display_name":"Berk Ustun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5188-3155"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berk Ustun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Halicioglu Data Science Institute, UCSD, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5188-3155","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Halicioglu Data Science Institute, UCSD, United States","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":71.2307,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99894421,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"377","last_page":"387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13138","display_name":"Legal and Constitutional Studies","score":0.9478999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12185","display_name":"Regulation and Compliance Studies","score":0.9366999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.8784762620925903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disparate-impact","display_name":"Disparate impact","score":0.6500892639160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6480709910392761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.6380903124809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5814342498779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.556635856628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintiff","display_name":"Plaintiff","score":0.5325298309326172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compromise","display_name":"Compromise","score":0.5017163753509521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doctrine","display_name":"Doctrine","score":0.46715134382247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.42788785696029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-model","display_name":"Business model","score":0.4117235541343689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.40259119868278503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3289562463760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.2761358618736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2373364269733429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19318705797195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.1909765899181366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.16632798314094543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supreme-court","display_name":"Supreme court","score":0.1469859480857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09889596700668335}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.8784762620925903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776889015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282532","display_name":"Disparate impact","level":3,"score":0.6500892639160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6480709910392761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.6380903124809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5814342498779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.556635856628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97460637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468489","display_name":"Plaintiff","level":2,"score":0.5325298309326172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.5017163753509521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.46715134382247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.42788785696029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4216890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815823","display_name":"Business model","level":2,"score":0.4117235541343689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.40259119868278503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3289562463760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2761358618736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2373364269733429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19318705797195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.1909765899181366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.16632798314094543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.1469859480857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09889596700668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3630106.3658912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658912","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3630106.3658912","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.columbia.edu:faculty_scholarship-5623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/4603","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401049","display_name":"eYLS (Yale Law School)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","host_organization_name":"Yale University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3630106.3658912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658912","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3630106.3658912","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399362975.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399362975.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1746506709","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2802594920","https://openalex.org/W2891340972","https://openalex.org/W2906462581","https://openalex.org/W2960744125","https://openalex.org/W2969476445","https://openalex.org/W3003166972","https://openalex.org/W3013778941","https://openalex.org/W3087346502","https://openalex.org/W3087478677","https://openalex.org/W3089931365","https://openalex.org/W3101038122","https://openalex.org/W3101206394","https://openalex.org/W3102834905","https://openalex.org/W3122049385","https://openalex.org/W3124833072","https://openalex.org/W3134370295","https://openalex.org/W3209809080","https://openalex.org/W4221153511","https://openalex.org/W4283166825","https://openalex.org/W4283169532","https://openalex.org/W4309220889","https://openalex.org/W4380319991","https://openalex.org/W4380366644","https://openalex.org/W4387294395","https://openalex.org/W6606943696","https://openalex.org/W6765684549"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2801622120","https://openalex.org/W2164141394","https://openalex.org/W4240977217","https://openalex.org/W3036524962","https://openalex.org/W2508088450","https://openalex.org/W2389434635","https://openalex.org/W4214750239","https://openalex.org/W2279908259","https://openalex.org/W3165144958","https://openalex.org/W2172390293"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Less":[1],"Discriminatory":[2],"Alternative":[3],"is":[4,54],"a":[5,93,104],"key":[6],"provision":[7,21],"of":[8,60,114,144],"the":[9,14,58,97,117,142],"disparate":[10],"impact":[11],"doctrine":[12],"in":[13,103,120,187],"United":[15],"States.":[16],"In":[17,39],"fair":[18],"lending,":[19],"this":[20,40],"mandates":[22],"that":[23,28,72,83],"lenders":[24],"must":[25],"adopt":[26],"models":[27,65,159],"reduce":[29,74],"discrimination":[30,75,165],"when":[31],"they":[32],"do":[33],"not":[34,88],"compromise":[35],"their":[36],"business":[37,129],"interests.":[38],"paper,":[41],"we":[42],"develop":[43,92],"practical":[44],"methods":[45],"to":[46,56,95,140,163],"audit":[47],"for":[48,128],"less":[49,61,145,184],"discriminatory":[50,62,99,146,185],"alternatives.":[51],"Our":[52,155],"approach":[53,174],"designed":[55],"verify":[57],"existence":[59],"machine":[63],"learning":[64],"\u2013":[66,108],"by":[67,81,109,181],"returning":[68],"an":[69,84,111],"alternative":[70,85],"model":[71,86,102],"can":[73,175],"without":[76],"compromising":[77],"performance":[78,126],"(discovery)":[79],"or":[80],"certifying":[82],"does":[87],"exist":[89],"(refutation).":[90],"We":[91,136],"method":[94,139],"fit":[96],"least":[98],"linear":[100],"classification":[101],"specific":[105],"lending":[106],"task":[107],"minimizing":[110],"exact":[112],"measure":[113],"disparity":[115],"(e.g.,":[116,131],"maximum":[118],"gap":[119],"group":[121],"FNR)":[122],"and":[123,134,170,179],"enforcing":[124],"hard":[125],"constraints":[127],"necessity":[130],"on":[132,148],"FNR":[133],"FPR).":[135],"apply":[137],"our":[138,173],"study":[141],"prevalence":[143],"alternatives":[147,186],"real-world":[149],"datasets":[150],"from":[151],"consumer":[152],"finance":[153],"applications.":[154],"results":[156],"highlight":[157],"how":[158,172],"may":[160],"inadvertently":[161],"lead":[162],"unnecessary":[164],"across":[166],"common":[167],"deployment":[168],"regimes,":[169],"demonstrate":[171],"support":[176],"lenders,":[177],"regulators,":[178],"plaintiffs":[180],"reliably":[182],"detecting":[183],"such":[188],"instances.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-25T07:29:55.448023","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}