{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394907743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627703.3650088","title":"ZKML: An Optimizing System for ML Inference in Zero-Knowledge Proofs","display_name":"ZKML: An Optimizing System for ML Inference in Zero-Knowledge Proofs","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394907743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627703.3650088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3627703.3650088","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627703.3650088","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Nineteenth European Conference on Computer Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061548129","display_name":"Bing-Jyue Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5931-6579"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bing-Jyue Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["UIUC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5931-6579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UIUC, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008207774","display_name":"Suppakit Waiwitlikhit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8734-9961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suppakit Waiwitlikhit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8734-9961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041920173","display_name":"Ion Stoica","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5373-0088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ion Stoica","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5373-0088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072348548","display_name":"Daniel Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9860-9938"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["UIUC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9860-9938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UIUC, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061548129"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.512,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99164423,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"560","last_page":"574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.820310115814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.752946138381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.7267469167709351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-knowledge-proof","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","score":0.7037550806999207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.6249209642410278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6009933948516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.48859554529190063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-information-retrieval","display_name":"Private information retrieval","score":0.472525417804718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","score":0.4468572437763214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.4143039882183075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39650169014930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34104156494140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2988561689853668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2323111891746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18753975629806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.1800449788570404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14319854974746704}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.820310115814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.752946138381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.7267469167709351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176329583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191943","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","level":3,"score":0.7037550806999207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6249209642410278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6009933948516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.48859554529190063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99221444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532069","display_name":"Private information retrieval","level":2,"score":0.472525417804718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4468572437763214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4143039882183075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39650169014930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34104156494140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2988561689853668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2323111891746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18753975629806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.1800449788570404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14319854974746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3627703.3650088","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627703.3650088","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Nineteenth European Conference on Computer Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1909324101","https://openalex.org/W2036110521","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2474056434","https://openalex.org/W2676157184","https://openalex.org/W2782979894","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2994850640","https://openalex.org/W3016063723","https://openalex.org/W3043571714","https://openalex.org/W3197217216","https://openalex.org/W3209623239","https://openalex.org/W3210485385","https://openalex.org/W3213013974","https://openalex.org/W4210966189","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4286989576","https://openalex.org/W4312903934","https://openalex.org/W4312933868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1870614684","https://openalex.org/W4394650907","https://openalex.org/W154364797","https://openalex.org/W4254119641","https://openalex.org/W3196207352","https://openalex.org/W1970588133","https://openalex.org/W2022025391","https://openalex.org/W2163538620","https://openalex.org/W1567449721","https://openalex.org/W2952570804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1],"(ML)":[2],"is":[3,43],"increasingly":[4],"used":[5],"behind":[6,45],"closed":[7,47],"systems":[8],"and":[9,29,75],"APIs":[10],"to":[11,23,26,34,68,105],"make":[12],"important":[13],"decisions.":[14],"For":[15],"example,":[16],"social":[17],"media":[18],"uses":[19],"ML-based":[20],"recommendation":[21],"algorithms":[22],"decide":[24],"what":[25],"show":[27],"users,":[28],"millions":[30],"of":[31],"people":[32],"pay":[33],"use":[35],"ChatGPT":[36],"for":[37,53,73,94],"information":[38],"every":[39],"day.":[40],"Because":[41],"ML":[42],"deployed":[44],"these":[46,61],"systems,":[48],"there":[49],"are":[50],"increasing":[51],"calls":[52],"transparency,":[54],"such":[55],"as":[56],"releasing":[57],"model":[58],"weights.":[59],"However,":[60],"service":[62],"providers":[63],"have":[64],"legitimate":[65],"reasons":[66],"not":[67],"release":[69],"this":[70,80],"information,":[71],"including":[72],"privacy":[74],"trade":[76],"secrets.":[77],"To":[78],"bridge":[79],"gap,":[81],"recent":[82],"work":[83],"has":[84,101],"proposed":[85],"using":[86],"zero-knowledge":[87],"proofs":[88],"(specifically":[89],"a":[90],"form":[91],"called":[92],"ZK-SNARKs)":[93],"certifying":[95],"computation":[96],"with":[97],"private":[98],"models":[99],"but":[100],"only":[102],"been":[103],"applied":[104],"unrealistically":[106],"small":[107],"models.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}